Best marketing mix for selling refrigerators

Best promoting blend for selling fridges Distributer and retailer have many looks like, yet in addition they have numerous distinctions. Distributer and retailer are cooperating for making a benefit. Distributer offers to the retailer, retailer offer the items to the end shopper. Distributer sell just on huge amounts and their costs are for entire amounts, then again retailer sells on littler amounts and is increased from the wholesalers costs. Distributer and retailer get products from wide scope of various sources and afterward redistribute them to helpful areas alongside an advertising bundle that is esteemed by their client of the last purchaser as per Brassington and Pettitt (2003). There is a major qualification among distributer and retailer, since distributer is centered around business B2B (business to business), then again retailer is centered around B2C (business to purchaser). Retailer is the most significant part in business, since they associate brands to conclusive customer. As Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) retailing incorporates all the exercises associated with selling items or administrations legitimately to the last shopper for their own, nonbusiness use. Likewise, retailer has substantially more expense than distributer. For instance: lease, workers, charges, misfortune/breakage, publicizing. Then again wholesalers need to pay for less stuff. For instance: the telephone bill or agents finance for taking a request. Distributer is additionally a significant standard in business. Wholesalers help the makers to arrive at numerous little clients requiring little to no effort, distributer likewise select things and assemble combinations to offer to their clients and numerous different angles. As per Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) there are four kinds of wholesalers: Trader wholesalers are the biggest single gathering of wholesalers, representing generally half of all wholesaling. They have two expansive sorts: full help wholesalers and restricted assistance distributer. A broke unites purchaser and dealers and make dealings. Specialists speak to purchasers and venders on a progressively lasting premise. 1 Individual Selling is the generic arm of the advancement blend. A companys sales rep make and impart clients esteem through close to home individual communications with clients (Kotler and Armstrong , 2010). Individual selling is accessible for a long time and possibly this is the most seasoned calling on the planet. Individuals who do selling have various names, for example, salesman, salesperson, locale chiefs, account officials, deals experts, deals architects, specialists and record improvement reps. Individual selling as indicated by Keegen Green (2011) is individual to-individual selling correspondences between an organization agent and a forthcoming purchaser. In general, the sales rep is convincing the possible client to make a buy and his main responsibility is to introduce the item well by utilizing its favorable circumstances and burdens. Additionally the primary advance in convincing an individual to make a deal is to comprehend clients' needs and sort out the organizatio n's endeavors to tackle clients issues. The vast majority of the salespersons are accomplished, very much prepared experts who include an incentive for clients and make client connections. Keegen Green (2011) share that individual selling is additionally a mainstream promoting specialized apparatus in nations with different limitations on publicizing. The term sales rep spread a wide scope of positions for instance they can be a request taker, for example, the retail chain sales rep, who is remaining behind the counter. As indicated by Armstrong and Kotler (2011) individual selling includes relational cooperations among sales rep and individual clients whether eye to eye, by phone, by means of email, through video or Web gatherings, or by different methods. All things considered, numerous individuals consider that individual selling can be considerably more valuable and superior to promoting the items. Sales rep consistently can investigate, test the client, to find out about their issues and to actualize a promoting offer to them, which will meet the expected client's requirements. Promoting in WEBSITES v. Publicizing in DAILY NEWSPAPERS 2Advertising is an apparatus to convince individuals to buy a merchandise or administrations. It is generally utilized by business firms, associations, organizations to elevate their items to different objective publics. As indicated by Kotler and Armstrong (2008) you need to settle on four significant choices, when creating and beginning a publicizing program: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Setting publicizing targets this is the initial step and it ought to be characterized well indeed, additionally it ought to be founded on past choices. Publicizing ought to be cultivated with a particular objective crowd for a while. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Setting the promoting financial plan as indicated by Kotler and Armstrong (2011) there are four basic techniques used to set the conceivable spending plan. Reasonable strategy Level of deals strategy Serious equality strategy Goal and assignment strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Developing publicizing technique it comprise of two significant components to be your promoting acceptable: Publicizing messages Choosing publicizing media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Evaluating publicizing efforts to pick the best places for you battle as indicated by you target strategic. Publicizing is characterized by Kotler Armstrong (2005) as any paid type of non-individual introduction and advancement of thoughts, merchandise or administrations through broad communications, for example, papers, magazines, TV or radio by a distinguished support. 3Advertising in sites is one of the most known sorts of publicizing. It has its points of interest, yet then again it has numerous a few restrictions, hindrances. In general, it is a great idea to publicize in sites, since you have high selectivity, minimal effort, quickness and numerous intuitive abilities. Yet in addition we ought to have at the top of the priority list the weaknesses, for example, demographically slanted crowd, moderately low effect, crowd controls introduction. Web based promoting show up as standards, pop-ups, streak motion pictures, email publicizing, foundations, backdrops, etc. Here you can see a case of standards: Sources: www.abv.bg, www.vbox7.com , www.sportni.bg An incredible favorable position of publicizing on the web is that you can administrate and run your media whenever. Furthermore, there are various sorts of buying your ad, however of them are generally utilized: CPC (Cost per click) promoters pay just when guests click on pennants and are diverted to their sites. CPA (Cost per activity) when a part total an exchange, for example, a buy or sign-up. Promoter , in most cases,prefer this sort of publicizing, since it overlooks any wastefulness in the merchants. CPM (Cost per Mile) likewise it is as cost per impressions Advertiser pay per thousand impressions or heaps of his ad, which has appeared in the site. Paul Baines, Chris Fill and Kelly Page (2008) guarantee that these types of promoting are most ideal approach to direct people to your site and furthermore urge individuals to make a buy. Likewise they declare that web based promoting the quickest developing publicizing medium ever. As Frances Brassington Stephen Pettitt print media, for example, nearby and national papers, unique intrigue magazines and exchange distributions, have along these lines become the essential concentration for most associations. Publicizing in papers offer us the chance to speak with our potential clients rapidly and adaptable. Papers are routinely planned distributions, which contains news, articles, data and notices. This sort of publicizing offers us a wide scope of promoting openings and crowds. There are two sorts of papers: 4 Day by day papers: are distributed each day with certain exemptions. For instance on Sundays and a few occasions. They are given in the first part of the day and they comprise of publicizing embeds, stories, news from the earlier day and are posted at the last page a few jokes and crosswords. Week by week papers: this are papers which are littler than every day papers and are additionally distributed two-three times each week. Papers are of the most utilized sorts of publicizing and their preferred position is that they can be managed not just by mainstream stores of retailers, vehicle makers yet in addition to little organizations, which start a business. The primary issue of paper publicizing as per Brassington Pettitt (2006) is focusing on. It is connected to its cost-proficiency and promoters need to have more determination in focusing on, on the grounds that in papers wastage rates is high. Papers have shorter life expectancy, since they are utilized and individuals toss them and don't utilize more. Advantages SOUGHT or DEMOGRAPHIC division Market division is the way toward isolating enormous heterogeneous markets into littler, homogeneous subsets of individuals or business with comparable necessities and additionally responsiveness to advertising blend contributions (Kinnear and Bernhardt, 1990). Division have wide definition. There are numerous instances of market division: when you go to a shop in soda pops area you will discover sodas to various brads, with sugar, no sugar, with and without caffeine, in various flavors, in returnable jugs, in jars, in independently holders or in six pressed this is the idea of market division. Division has numerous sorts, however in this paper will be evaluated just two: benefits looked for and segment division. Advantages looked for is a sort of division and it bunches individuals in various advantages that they look for from the item. As indicated by Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011) advantage division requires fining the significant advantages individuals search for in the item class, the sorts of individuals who look for each advantage, and the significant brands that convey each advantage. And furthermore they give a few models: 5 Fit and Polish shopper need something, which is adjusted among capacity and style, they practice for results however need to look great doing it. Serous Sports Competitors they want a blend among execution and capacity. Worth Seekin

Better Use Redneck with Care

Better Use Redneck with Care Better Use Redneck with Care Better Use Redneck with Care By Maeve Maddox A man talking in a city executive gathering in my town this week fell into difficulty for utilizing the word redneck. He was contending that contracting city assets would be better spent on keeping up the nearby link get to channel than on Christmas lights in the town square. He worked up a tempest of dissent when he alluded to the city representatives setting up the lights as generously compensated rednecks. The hullabaloo made me consider this term, one of my least most loved gathering designators. To the extent I can decipher the keeps an eye on comments, he needed to pass on the idea that the link channel, as a methods for conveying the operations of the regional government, is of more incentive than negligible regular presentation. So for what reason did he decide to call the men setting up the lights rednecks rather than, state, laborers? The brain capacities in inquisitive manners. Our contemplations dwell there in layers upon layers. Here and there what may appear as though an inconsequential word decision uncovers a layer we may not know about. The speaker came to Arkansas from California. He may not understand it himself, however his decision of the word redneck recommends a mentality of predominance towards the locals. For those perusers who may not be comfortable with the term, redneck in present day American use is utilized mostly to allude to an apparent sort of Southern white individual. The term has been utilized in different settings with other potential roots, however the term, as promoted by standup comic Jeff Foxworthy, most likely gets from the burned from the sun necks of open air workers. Foxworthy, a local of Georgia, can utilize the term without any potential repercussions, rather as dark funnies can pull off nigger. Contingent on who is utilizing it, the word redneck can be tame or profoundly disparaging. As utilized in down home melodies, redneck conveys an undertone of pride alongside the attributes of nationalism, confidence in God, sense of pride, and freedom. This sort of redneck presumably drives a pickup truck and claims a firearm. Hes not terrified of difficult work and would prefer to go hungry than acknowledge good cause in any structure. He doubts overeducated individuals and inclines toward the nation or unassuming community to the city. As utilized by pariahs, redneck appears to have supplanted hillbilly as a word to generalization Southerners. As a term of slander, a redneck not just drives a pickup and claims a weapon, he is boisterous, regularly alcoholic, oblivious, narrow-minded, xenophobic, and trashy. He dresses like a lazy pig, talks with a southern complement, fills his yard with garbage, and has no energy about the better things of life. The term has its uses, both in discussion and recorded as a hard copy, yet it tends to be unstable and is best utilized with care. Youll find additional data about redneck and different terms frequently applied from a deprecatory perspective to Southerners here (Update: page not, at this point on the web). Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withEmail EtiquetteNominalized Verbs

Can You Right Write 10 MORE Common Writing Mistakes 2 Avoid

Can You Right Write 10 MORE Common Writing Mistakes 2 Avoid Heres Part II of my run-down of some common writing errors, posted in Sam Dieners Stuff for Success blog. Read here about how to properly use affect/effect, who/that, less/fewer, and more!   10 MORE Common Writing Mistakes 2 Avoid

The Interpretation Of Dreams By Sigmund Freud - 1790 Words

Sigmund Freud is thought to be the founder of psychoanalysis and he embarked on conducting a study to analyse and interpret dreams as a means of determining their relation to the human psyche. Starting off his career as a neurologist he was already very familiar with the brain and it’s inner workings. However his study was specifically conducted to explore the more celestial attributes of the mind and apply scientific theory and neurological practice. Freud said that, The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind. He meant that because dreams are such an unconscious activity they give an almost direct insight into the workings of the unconscious mind. In The Interpretation of Dreams he was the first person to look at the mind and to develop a theory about its basis and creation. By identifying which parts of the mind are unconscious and conscious he was able to fix scientific labels on celestial areas of the brain. In e ffect, Freud is responsible for giving the study of the mind it’s serious and scientific attributes. Something that had only previously associated with the physical study of the brain. In order to prove his theory he analyzed his dreams, his childhood memories, screen memories, slips of the tongue, and episodes of forgetfulness. His theory was that by analyzing dreams and memories they will aid in trying to understand how events from the past, including childhood, continue to actively influenceShow MoreRelatedThe Interpretation Of Dreams By Sigmund Freud1344 Words   |  6 PagesSome dream big, some dream small, and sadly some dream not at all The Interpretation of Dreams was published by Sigmund Freud in the year 1900 as a thought provoking compilation of ideas surrounding the cognitive processes of dreaming. Although this book has been translated and edited since its original publishing date, it reads as if to hold true to Freudian fashion; addressing levels of consciousness and their effects on how specific dreams are formed. Freud makes a clear and reverent effortRead MoreSigmund Freud s The Interpretation Of Dreams Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagespsychoanalysis’, Sigmund Freud, is perhaps known for his theories involving the human brain. During the late 1800s, his therapeutic techniques dealing with psychopathology made him quite influential within and throughout the sphere of psychology and his work has had a tremendous impact on modern culture and common opinion. Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, first published in 1899, takes into account dream interpretation and theories involving the human bra in, why humans dream and what they couldRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Dreams : Sigmund Schlomo Freud988 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Schlomo Freud was a thinker who helped us understand why our lives and relationships are full of so much confusion and pain. He told us why life is hard and how to cope. His own life incurred a lot of anxieties. Freud was born to a middle class Jewish family in 1856. His professional life was not an immediate success. As a medical student he dissected hundreds of eels in an un-successful attempt to locate their reproductive organs. He promoted cocaine as a medical drug, but it turned outRead MoreDream Interpretation of Sigmund Freud Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagesleast one dream in their lifetime. Most people don’t think much about the dreams they have, unless they are recurring. Most people today wake up from a dream or nightmare saying, â€Å"thank heaven that was a dream,† or â€Å"too bad that was just a dream.† Many times t hese dreams or nightmares have more meaning than we think. After a friend told me about some weird dreams he had been having I decided to research the meaning of dreams. I will focus on Sigmund Freud’s idea that understanding our dreams can helpRead MoreFreudian Interpretations Of Dreams By Sigmund Freud1663 Words   |  7 Pagesstyle of Freudian interpretations of Kafka’s â€Å"A Dream† tale. Which the famous philosopher, Freud, would interpret symbols for different reasonings behind a dream. In the book, Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud, he provides an in depth explanation on his beliefs behind the meaning of each occurring dream that we experience. Freud has tons of concepts that he claims for the reasonings behind each dream that have. Whether if we experience a nightmare or just a normal dream. The concepts in InterpretationRead MoreSigmund Freud s The Interpretation Of Dream2543 Words   |  11 Pagesexcerpt from Sigmund Freud’s 1913 book, The Interpretation of Dream, Third Edition, is one of hi s most famous generalizations of his work. Freud often emphasized that the study of the human mind is a complicated, arduous, and ever-changing field of attempts at empirically examining an intangible concept that often result in very small gains. His work has placed him into a distinct place in history that has been given countless courses of retrospection by academics alike. Sigmund Freud, born May 6thRead MoreEssay on What is useful in Freuds theory of dreams?1686 Words   |  7 Pages « The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind  ».1 While Freud already used hypnosis and free association with his patients, he soon felt the need to include the interpretation of dreams in psychoanalysis as well. Freud decided he would developped his theory of dreams to go further in his analysis. According to Freud, dreams allow unconscious desires, fears or emotions to express themselves in a disguised way. Dreams are an expression ofRead MoreSigmund Freuds Method and Theory of Dream Analysis Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper to get a better understanding of Sigmund Freud’s method and theory of dream analysis. The purpose of the paper will be to show the principals of Freud’s dream related theory that focuses on the physiology, interpretation, and psychology of dreams and to expla in concepts such as latent and manifest content of dreams, the part of unconscious process, and the nature of dreams role in the determination of dream content. I would like to explore Sigmund Freud’s explanations of psycho-analytic andRead MoreDreams, By Sigmund Freud1165 Words   |  5 Pagesperson’s dreams appear to have a universal language. In ancient societies, people looked at dreaming as some kind of supernatural communication and dreams are fascinating mysteries. To begin the discussion of dreams, it is important to note that dreams are often considered an extension of consciousness. In other words, dreams can be a way the brain organizes and analyzes the day to day events during sleep. Everyone dreams, however, not everyone remembers their dreams. The psychoanalyst, Sigmund FreudRead MoreInterpretation Of Dreams In Kalpa Sutra833 Words   |  4 PagesInterpretation of Dreams in Kalpa Sutra: Comparative Analysis with Freud’s Psychology of Dreams ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract The study attempts to analyze the psychology of dreams as given in ancient Jain text – Kalpa Sutra. 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Critical Examination of the Risk Management in an Organisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2213 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Task You are asked to research, critically examine and discuss the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"risk managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ process within an organisation. Examine and discuss each step below which forms part of the risk management process followed within an enterprise. Explain the reasons behind each step, what each step achieves for the enterprise and give examples. Risk Management process is a five step process first is by establishing or clearly understanding the risk in which the situation exist by considering the strategic context or the environment within the organization operates, the organizational context or the objectives, core activities and operations of the enterprise. Identify the risks or to recognize what could be wrong and what the consequence of it occurring. Risk can be physical relating individual injuries, ecological and weather conditions and the physical assets of the organisation such as property, equipment, buildings, vehicles, stock and grounds Financial risks are those that involve the resources of the organisation and include theft, attendances, loans, fraud, license fees, membership fees, insurance costs, and lease payments, pay-out of damages claims or penalties and fines by the government. Ethical risks that involve potential or actual harm to the reputation or beliefs of your club, while legal risks cons ist of responsibilities imposed on providers, participants and consumers arising from laws made by federal, state and local government authorities Analysing the likelihood and consequences of each known risk and deciding which risk factors will potentially have the most effect and should, therefore obtain priority with regard to how they will be managed it also involves comparing the level of risk found during the investigation process with earlier established risk criteria, and deciding whether risks can be established Risk management involves identifying the range of options for treating the risk, evaluating those options, preparing the risk treatment strategy and implementing those strategies it is about considering the options for treatment and choosing the most suitable method to achieve the required outcome. Options for treatment need to be balanced to the significance of the risk, and the cost of treatment matching with the potential benefits of treatment this includes: Accepting the risk for instance most individuals would consider minimal injuries in participating in the sporting activity as being an inherent risk. Avoiding the risk is about your organization deciding either not to continue with an activity, or choosing an alternate activity with tolerable risk which meets the objectives of your club. For example, a club wanting to raise funds may decide that a competition without a properly trained and accredited instructor, equipment etc. may decide a safer way of raising funds. Reducing the risk likelihood or consequences or both is usually practiced treatment of a risk within sport, for example use of mouth guards for players in some sports i.e. contact sports. Transferring the risk in full or in part, will usually occur through contracts or notices for example your insurance contract is perhaps the most frequently used risk transfer form used. Other examples consist of waivers, lease agreements, warning signs, disclaimers and ti ckets Retaining the risk is knowing that the risk treatment is not about risk removal, rather it is about acknowledging the risk is an vital part of the sport activity and some must be retained because of the inherent nature of the sport activity. It is important to consider the intensity of risk which is inherent and tolerable. Financing the risk means the organization funding the consequences of risk i.e. providing finances to cover the costs of implementing the risk treatment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical Examination of the Risk Management in an Organisation" essay for you Create order Determine the objectives of the organisation Risk management is designed to provide the general methodology and approach to conducting a risk assessment. This includes the preparation work, risk workshop and reporting requirements. The purpose of the risk assessment is to identify the potential risks and opportunities and then rank them according to priorities and to Identify existing and potential control measure or risk mitigations to eliminate or minimise the risk in an organization identify exposures to loss Risk management begins with the identification process. It is important to keep in mind that risk are not static but are subjected to change in many ways, examples of how it can change is introduction of new products and services, new laws and regulations and new employees and customers. The element of change requires that identification process be ongoing, prior to the development of risk management as a recognized method for dealing with the risk of loss. Risk of loss can be categorized under three general categories property loss, liability and personnel loss Measure those same exposures Liability Loss Motor vehicle liability to the extent that operations of a automobile results in injury to others. In addition exposure represented by owned vehicles can incur liability from the operation of non-owned automobiles such as leased, rental or personal automobiles of employees used in business. Product liability or anyone who makes, sells or distributes products to be used by others is susceptible to liability if the product is defective or not fit for its intended use. Contractual liability is the risk of loss arising out of a particular undertaking that can be transferred from one party to another by the use of contracts. Pollution liability can be gradual occurrence over a period of time such as leakage form tanks or sudden or accidental such as fire, explosion or tank collapse. Professional liability is a growing area of liability exposure that is relating to the errors or omissions of employees acting in a professional capacity Damage to owned or l eased property has the loss potential associated with damage to or destruction of owned or leased property. The exposures are those related to buildings and their contents. Examples are electronic data equipment, media, machinery and equipment breakdown. Loss of use of property can result in both direct and indirect losses. A direct loss includes the loss of revenues and indirect loss include such as employee overtime, air freight, rental expenses for temporary equipment Select alternatives The economic models are formulated to provide the analyst with a quantitative base for studying the operations under his control. The method consists of four steps: Define the problem Formulate the model Run the model Make the decision Implement a solution Managing the risk associated with the hazards presents a number of unique challenges if properly managed, loss exposures can be significantly minimized. A key element in such plans is clear instructions concerning notification of appropriate agencies. It is important to have basic understanding of some of the laws that affect the management of the hazards and knowing agencies involved and the resources available that can reduce critically important response time. Monitor and review the outcomes. Monitoring and review is an ongoing part of risk management that is integral to every step of the process. It is also the part of risk management that is most often given inadequate focus, and as a result the risk management programs of many organisations become irrelevant and ineffective over time. Monitoring and review ensure that the important information generated by the risk management process is captured, used and maintained. Few risks remain static. Factors that may affect the likelihood and consequences of an outcome may change, as may the factors that affect the suitability or cost of the various treatment options. Review is an integral part of the risk management treatment plan. Examine and discuss a risk management frameworks standards model. Discuss the principles behind the model, the drivers and components involved in the process. Risk Management Frameworks A risk management framework is a description of an organizational specific set of functional activities and associated definitions that define the risk management system in an organization and the relationship to the risk management organizational system. A risk management framework defines the processes and the order and timing of processes that will be used to manage risks. Operations to reduce risk which includes the ongoing programs and activities performed by an organization to reduce risks to an acceptable and cost-effective level. These activities might include standard setting, performance audits, training and other risk management options Decision-making or corporate management where long term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  decisions are made and responsibility for decisions at the other two levels lies. Activities at this level might include consultation with stakeholders, monitoring operations to reduce risk and priority-sett ing among risk issues Risk assessment and treatment options where risk assessment is carried out and risk treatment options are identified. This high level framework provides a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“benchmark frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for evaluation of other risk management frameworks. Elements of risk management frameworks as well as categories of risk criteria and basic capacities required by an organization for effective risk management.The design of a framework depends on the nature of risks it must manage, legal and regulatory considerations, available resources, and the relative value of risk assessment, operations to modify risks, risk communications, monitoring and review. The risk management framework closely follows the typical management decision-making structure of: 1.Identify and assess the situation 2.Consider treatment (decision) options 3.Decide 4. Implement management control 5. Monitor decision Examine and discuss each step below which forms part of the risk assessment process followed within an enterprise. Explain the reasons behind each step, what each step achieves for the enterprise and give examples Identification of relevant business objectives Historically, businesses have viewed risk as a necessary evil that should be minimized or mitigated whenever possible. Increased regulatory requirements have forced businesses to expend signify cant resources to address risk, and shareholders in turn have begun to scrutinize whether businesses had the right controls in place. Risk assessment provides a mechanism for identifying which risks represent opportunities and which represent potential pitfalls. A good assessment is anchored in the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s defined risk appetite and tolerance, and provides a basis for determining risk responses. A robust risk assessment process, applied consistently throughout the organization, empowers management to better identify, evaluate, and exploit the right risks for their business, all while maintaining the appropriate controls to ensure effective and efficient operations and regulatory compliance Identifying events that could affect the achievement of objectives. Determining risk tolerance. Risk tolerance is so vital to any risk management program, that you cannot include a risk management process without evidently understanding the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk tolerance. Risk tolerance is the equilibrium between risk-adverse or accepting very little risk and risk-seeking or accepting high levels of risk Setting risk tolerance is very significant, since an enterprise will make key decisions based on what has been determined to be acceptable risk. There are regularly used key risk indicators, but understanding how those metrics influence risk tolerance is a not easy and demanding task. Risk tolerance is also a persistently moving goal. Assessing the inherent likelihood and impact of risks. When assessing likelihood of occurrence of a risk, participants tend to over-evaluate risks which occurred recently or at all. If there is a reference point, people charged with evaluating will often attribute a higher likelihood to these recent events, even if the probability of occurrence has in effect been reduced by the (over)reaction to the event. If we cannot imagine a risk occurring, we cannot assess the potential impact of it and we tend to underestimate its impact. On the contrary, the more informed we are, and the more concrete a risk is formulated, the better we are at assessing its impact. Evaluating the portfolio of risks and determining risk responses. A portfolio selector for selecting an investment portfolio from a library of assets based on investment risk and risk-adjusted return is provided. The selector chooses a tentative portfolio from the library and determines a risk-adjusted return for the portfolio. The risk-adjusted return is computed by subtracting the average of multiple segment shortfalls from the average of multiple segment performances, over the same segments, based on analysis of market value data for the assets in the portfolio and for a baseline asset. The asset selection and computation is repeated until the risk-adjusted return of the portfolio satisfies criteria derived from preference data specific to an investor. A data storage medium encoded with instructions for performing the method is also provided Assessing residual likelihood and impact of risks. Residual Risk Impact is multiplied by likelihood to produce an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Inherent Risk Scoreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. For each risk, the controls in place will then be identified and assessed and the risk score generally reduced to arrive at the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Residual Risk Scoreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The control should either reduce the likelihood that a risk will occur, or the impact of that risk if it were to occur. Residual risk is what is left after considering controls. If you rate risks on both Inherent and Residual Risk then you can show the change from Inherent to Residual which indicates the organizations dependence on the effectiveness of the control. If a critical risk is largely mitigated due to the presumed operation of a control or set of controls then it would be very useful for Internal Audit to validate that those controls are working as assumed. References: https://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7400/7421/ch4.pdf https://www.irr-neram.ca/pdf_files/basicF rameworkMar2003.pdf https://www.pwc.com/en_us/us/issues/enterprise-risk-management/assets/risk_assessment_guide.pdf https://www.google.co.nz/?gfe_rd=crei=ALNNU-vcJcGN8QfSi4G4Bg#q=risk+tolerance+management https://www.google.com/patents/US5784696

Useful contacts in fashion industry Free Essays

Thinking about my future life and calling, long term purposes for this MA are to construct utile contacts in manner industry in UK, derive a existent penetration into the Ethical Manner Industry in UK, and hopefully finish a work arrangement at the Ethical Fashion Forum. In order to carry through my undertaking, I need to make the prognosis research of the Ethical Manner in UK and India in order to make to the best subject of my research. To finish this MA, good clip and undertaking managementskills is traveling to be one of my most of import challenges. We will write a custom essay sample on Useful contacts in fashion industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides, my strong focal point would be on strategically be aftering and developing research accomplishments. Carry throughing my acquisition understanding ends will give me new understanding and cognition on the Ethical Manner Industry in UK and India. For accomplishing all of the above, I need to construct countless contacts with the manner interior decorator, concerns and administration concentrating upon sustainability in the manner industry in UK and India. Once, I have made adequate contacts and collected information ; I will so discourse and orate about my undertaking proposal. Ultimately, when I get an enthusiastic response, by looking at the success of Ethical Fashion Market, UK, I will so interchange those thoughts with Kakoli Banergee, Trustee, Satya – Jyoti Trust, India ; to join forces and explicate my undertaking program. If I receive a positive hope I would believe I have eventually completed my MA journey, successfully. ANSHU YADAV Investigate into an Ethical Manner market in UK and India Undertaking PROPOSAL Title Investigate into an Ethical Manner market in UK and India Purpose Understand the current scenario of ethical manner concern in India and associate to UK. Research UK ‘S ethical manner concern ; providea program for doing of a selling organic structure ( Eco – Fashion Park ) for ethical manner manufacturer group and craftsmans in India. RESEARCH QUESTIONS What is Ethical Fashion? Specifying Ethical Manner Sustainability and ternary underside line Finding out issues and patterns of Ethical Manner Reviewing history of ethical manner Fast Fashion and Cheap Fashion What is the market size of Ethical Fashion? Domestic ( INDIA ) market research on the Ethical Fashion Business and Lifestyle. International ( UK ) market research on the Ethical Fashion Business and Lifestyle. What is sustainable production and ingestion . Specifying the sustainable production and ingestion Domestic ( INDIA ) industry research on methods of sustainable production and ingestion International ( UK ) industry research on methods of sustainable production and ingestion Sustainable Fashion manufacturer groups and their jobs in India What are the assorted enfranchisement possibilities for set uping a sustainable manner concern in UK and India? Ethical criterions and Labeling Trade Tariffs and Barriers What is value concatenation? Specifying value concatenation Research into associating the national ethical manner manufacturers and international purchasers and markets. RESEARCH METHODS Measure: Case Study, Grounded Theory and Consumer reactions survey. Quality: Experimental Analysis ANSHUYADAV Investigate into an Ethical Manner market in UK and India 3. Primary Research: Focus on garnering information on ethical manner from India and UK 3.1 Interviews with cardinal forum members of Ethical Fashion Forum, UK. 3.2 Interviews with emerging manner and fabric interior decorators in sustainable design in UK and India. 3.3 Social networking, for case, Face book, 3.4 Fashion Business networking: Ethical Fashion Forum ( UK ) , Designer Forum ( UK ) , Ethical Trade Initiative ( UK ) , Craft grade ( India ) , Labour administrations, Manufacturers of Sustainable Fibers, Yarns and Fabrics. 3.5 Personal contacts in the Fashion Industry will assist me derive appreciable attack. 3.6 Questionnaires and Videos of assorted creative persons involved in Sustainable Manner patterns. 3.7 International tendency and manner show visits. For case, London Fashion Week, London ; The Cloth Show, Birmingham ; Premier Vision, Paris 3.8 Design institutes and authorities organic structures 3.9 Non – Net income Administration, Satya – Jyoti Trust, India. 4. Secondary Research: Concentrating on Ethical Fashion Forum in UK. 4.1 Co – work with Ethical Fashion Forum as a research houseman, alongside an associate manager, roll uping research for EFF undertakings and events. 4.2 To understand the deductions of explicating a selling organic structure ( Eco – Fashion Park ) in India, for the sustainable Practioners. 4.3 Analyze Journals ( MONOCLE, DRAPERS, FINANCIAL TIMES, ECO- TEXTILE ) Weekly Magazines ( TREND UNION, NEW CONSUMER, THE ECOLOGIST ) and Online Magazine ( THREAD ) , and Readings ( ECO- CHIC, BY SANDY BLACK ; GREEN IS THE NEW BLACK, BY T BLANCHARD, BUSINESS ETHICS AND VALUES, BY PETE ENGARDIO ; SUSTAINABLE FASHION AND TEXTILES BY KATE FLETCHER. 4.4Get studies from on-line Databases and Articles ( MINTLE, GMID, JUST STYLE.COM ) 5. Literature Research: Refer to Bibliography Rational number OF MY PROJECT In my position point ethical manner is the exciting topic to analyze as it has been catching the headlines within manner industry in recent times.It is the singularity in manner that allows us to look at sustainability in advanced ways. Therefore, Fashion provides an chance of consciousness for sustainability. Many sustainable patterns and motions are deriving impulse and traveling towards mainstream. Green edifices, insides, place merchandises and even green nuptialss and events are booming, yet manner is when embraced in sustainable ways, holds even greater impact potency. What is besides alone to manner, more so than other sustainable tracts, is that it is a big vehicle. Ethical manner besides interested me as it focuses on ailment patterns in the mills, poorness decrease, environment instruction, production and ingestion issues, with a strong attending on workers wellness ; in relation to the manner industries. Ethicall manner at a planetary degree has captured my involvement, for the really simple ground, that London manner has stepped frontward to advance ethical manner vesture. Top store, Marks and Spencer, Zara, Next, Europeon Fashion concatenation and USA Banana Republic are all specializing in â€Å"going green† . With a strong focal point on Ethical Fashion Forum ( UK ) , I want to cognize how to make such a non for net income administration, where the ethical manner manufacturer group, from field to mill to stop merchandise, exchange thoughts, collaborate and pass on efficaciously on assorted sustainable patterns and events.My cognition in Ethical Manner from UK wouldthen let me to supply the program of doing a successful selling organic structure ( Eco – Fashion Park ) for Ethical Fashion manufacturer groups and craftsmans of India, in India. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES LEANING GOAL 1: 1.1 Clarity of ideas: Think profoundly for filtrating clear and in-depth information. 1.2 Assessed: Bing able to make up one’s mind the best concluding research subject. LEARNING GOAL 2: 2.1 Quick and Accurate Reading: discover to read relevant subjects and fast. Besides to better drumhead and note taking accomplishments, to be able to use utile informations resource at clip of digest of my undertaking. 2.2 Assessed: Leting myself to do reading list and note returns wonts. LEARNING GOAL 3: 3.1 Professional Writing and Presentation Skills: enhance my English speech production and composing accomplishments, professional attack towards any assigned undertaking and entries. 3.2 Assessed: Confidently being able to joint and present myPGC Presentation and Learning Agreement. LEARNING GOAL 4: 4.1 Project – Planning and Self – Time Management Skills: Producing a comprehensive undertaking proposal with a proposed attack, research way and agenda to be followed. 4.2 Assessed: Bing able to bring forth a timely entry of Project Proposal. LEARNING GOAL 5: 5.1 Professional Cognition: History of Ethical Fashion Design, Business and Industry, increased consciousness of Ethical Fashion Business in planetary context. 5.2 Assessed: Bing able to near future research stage professionally. LEARNING GOAL 6: 6.1 International Work Experience Placement: Co- work with Ethical Fashion Forum to derive more cognition about Ethical Manner 6.2 Assessed: Possible Case Studies and Personal Growth of improved synergistic accomplishments. LEARNING GOAL 7: 7.1 Research orientation accomplishments: Better my research devising accomplishments, by ego apprehension and implementing them in my thesis. 7.2 Assessed: Bing able to do a research oriented MA Dissertation in the last stage of research. Undertaking TERRAIN Result KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING Undertaking Proposal, presented in the PGC phase Project related information aggregation and analysis, utilizing the primary and secondary research methods Learning understanding: refer to this papers Self clip direction SKILLS, QUALITIES AND ATTRIBUTES Project Management: refer to the undertaking clip frame Learning Contract Summary Form Plan of learning resources inside the University ( Oct- Nov 2008 ) Reading relevant magazines and books in library and utilizing library larning resource to acquire the selling study which I need Attend the talks that are related to my undertaking proposal Attend undergraduate talks of Fashion and Textile Management. Ask inquiries about y research from my coach and supervisor Multiple photocopies of magazines, diaries, study and books from library Plan of learning resources outside the University ( Jan-June 2009 ) Observe the magazine market from intelligence, studies, web logs, forum on web sites Make contacts with the relevant industry or hopefully happen a research internship with Ethical Fashion Forum, UK, which can assist me derive the cognition of Sustainable Fashion and Textile industry. Maintain Chronofile ( My Research log book ) Academic support Keep in touch with supervisors and professors during making the undertaking Use the library larning resource to obtain any relevant study that I need. Practical acquisition Try to reach as many Fashion Designers, Sustainable Fashion Producer groups, consultancy ‘s and non for Net income Administrations. Interview the people who relate to my undertaking proposal and larn the accomplishments of communicating. Designation of larning demands Suggestions from my supervisor and coach Lectures which are related to my undertaking proposal Latest studies and intelligence on manner, design and ethical manner market Roll up a batch of documentariesrelated to sudate stores and sustainable Manner and Textiles. Learn to acquire the sentiments from different people and understand Ethical consumer and manufacturer groups in UK and India. Besides interact with manner pupils and do pictures inquiring about their purchasing attitudes towards Ethical Fashion Clothing. Skills to sum up the information that I obtain during the research Skills to take a precise note from interview ( primary research ) and books and picture ( secondary research ) Designation of non-learning resource demands Entree to university computing machine which has professional package to bring forth my papers and seting exposures and images Target day of the month for completion of undertaking proposal How to cite Useful contacts in fashion industry, Essay examples

Marketing Management Fine Meat Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management Fine Meat Company. Answer: Description Of The Organization Fine Meat Company belongs to food processing industry and it works as a meat slaughtering, processing and export business based in Australia. The company is aimed to service the hospitality industry in all part of Australia and to the countries in which they export their meat and meat products. The company has over 20 years of experience in the industry and it is known for its expertise in manufacturing fresh, tinned meat products and meat byproducts. The company has received license from Meat standard of Australia which guarantees the meat products it supplies are quality sorted cuts, as a result meeting their criteria for distributing meat that is tender, juicy and seasoned. To serve its Muslim customers in both Australia and other countries with halal meat and meat products, the company has received license from Halal certification Authority. The companys products and services are accessible to their customer throughout the year. The company has demonstrated its performance at the uppermost level. To guarantee their customer continuous supply of excellent meat products, the company upholds continuous supply of livestock which they buy from all part of the country where there are livestock farmers. The company distributes meat products variety which includes: Beef, goats, lamb and mutton. They also deliver lamb carcasses and byproducts, like meat, bone meals, hides and skins. It also supplies liver, kidneys and lungs. The company delivers tinned products, like corned beef, tinned and pet foods. Fine Meat Company offers its meat products to its employees, livestock ranchers and traders, restaurants, institutes, government institutions, retailers, individual clients, wholesalers, tanneries, dealers of hides and skins. The company exports its products to Asia, the United States, Europe and Africa. Mission Statement To obtain, process and market excellent meat products at competitive charges using competent, efficient and systems that is friendly to the environment to fulfil needs of clients and shareholders. Aims of Fine Meat Company The company provides door to door meat delivery services where meat are transported in a refrigerated vehicles to maintain the quality of the meat supplied. The company is devoted to constantly buy quality livestock, process competently into high quality meat and meat products. The aims at developing maintainable markets while guaranteeing prudent monetary management for economical sustainability and cost-effectiveness of the company. The company is committed to fulfil its consumer desires through constantly refining its performance, its meat products and service by sustaining the maximum standards of cleanliness and product quality. The company has excellent customer care and service, it uses technical proficiency to fulfil its customers' desires and bymarketing its product using social media such as Facebook, tweets, WhatsApp and blogs. 5Cs for this organization Company, Customers, Competitors, Collaborators, and Context are the referred to as the 5 Cs and are applied in evaluatingmarketing decisions for business organizations. Fine Meat Companys strength is founded on the unequalled competency of the meat processing plant and the capacity to process great volumes of meat that are of quality depending with customer likings. The company also has many refrigerated vehicles that supplies meat and meat products to our outlets distributors in various parts of the country. The Fine Meat Companys has strong financial achievement. Due to strong investment, the firm can merge, manage and enlarge its business. The company emphasizes on research and improvement thus it has proven a competitive lead in same field (Krejcie and Morgan, p. 607). Weaknesses The Fine Meat Company depends on few clienteles thus this is disadvantageous to them due to limited source of income. The company focusses on few of its major products line. In this case if the company loses one of its topmost production line clients, it can face a serious business problem. The firm has geographical weaknesses because they majorly depend on the domestic market as main source of income. Other weaknesses that affects the company include: unpredictable international commodity markets, climatic changeability and concentration of processing capability. Opportunities Fine Meat Companys products have received increased demand from Asia markets and this has boosted income for the company. The company has gained greater efficiencies in both processing and marketing of their products. The company also has succeeded in managing various production risks that faced them for the last few years Threats: The ever increasing input prices has posed a big threat to the company (Tevfik and Oktay, p.131). The company is also faced with disease risk, especially communicable diseases that kills a large number of livestock leading to decrease in product supply to the consumers. Climate change has posed threats to the company, for example when drought conditions prevails the livestock farmers sell most of their cattle at lower prices to meat companies leading to high supply of meat in market, low demand for the product and lower prices for meat products decreasing amount of profit. The increase in price for both raw materials and fossil fuels has posed threat due to increase in commodity costs. The population of vegetarian is on the increase worldwide therefore, meat consumers are decreasing leading to decrease in amount of profit received by the company. This drift can negatively affect the business. Customer The company has wide range of customers with different preferences when it comes to tastes and how the food is packaged (Hunt et al., p. 5). Through various field studies the company conducted earlier, they have learnt every single country has affinity of taste and cultural liking. Asian and Koreans customers for example, dont like salty food thus the company learnt to reduce the amount of salt and packed food in a cans made of aluminum so that the consumers can easily open the cans (Schnettler et al., p. 380). For the Muslim customers, Fine Meat company has halal certification issued to them by Halal certification Authority. The companys customers can obtain information about our product through social media such as our Facebook page, WhatsApp, blogs, tweets and YouTube. For our customers who prefer door to door delivery of our products, we make the available to them. Our customers in rural areas can have access to our products through different outlets that are available in the cou ntry and also across the globe. Collaborators The companys suppliers are livestock farmers based in Northern and Southern part of Australia. Fine Meat Company distributes its meat and meat products through wholesale markets, foodservices, retail markets and also in internet shopping malls. Individual consumers can also buy the products directly from the industry and there is door to door delivery for the consumers who prefer that services. The company has distributors located in their export countries where their international customers can have access to the products. Competitor Other competing companies have more product line that they supply such as veal, seafood (fish), poultry, rabbit, pork, bacon that is not supplied by Fine Meat Company therefore, these competitors have a wider market share. Fine Meat Company faces a lot of competition meat firms within Australia and in countries where it exports its products. These are the Australian beef industry, Australian Meat exporters and Ralphs meat company. Though the company and others vend products which are alike, each firm have its dissimilarities by selecting specific manufacturing and marketing approaches that suits them (Tuanmat and Smith, p. 208) Some of companys rivals produces dairy products in addition to meat products they supply, they also distinguish their products by lowering prices and maintain products high quality. Context Fine Meat Company faces several external ecological factors which include political, economic social and technological factors (Reicks et al., p. 407). Technological innovations have produced new businesses which have shown a threat to Fine Meat Company, some of the companys meat products and services have been removed from the market. Political factors that has affected the company is the governments decision which led to increase in tax for Fine meat company while for some meat companies tax was decreased and this had negative effect on the companys income. Lack of political steadiness in some Asian and African countries where the company exports its meat products has affected the companys business processes in such countries (Kariuki et al., p. 20). Collecting information on market research and intelligence Marketing information and research refer to the information needed to be collected to give a good idea what the target customers are thinking and what they want or are doing in respect to the companys product (Burns and Bush, p. 80). A number of channels can be used to collect such information on the needs of the customers and even about what the competitors are doing in the market. The aim is to gain competitive advantage and have a bigger market share. We use the trade shows to learn about what our competitors are doing. During trade shows, our staffs go to the booths of our competitors and check the products and services they offer in relation to what we are offering. We also use the trade associations such as the Food marketing Institute, Trade promotion management companies which gathers and circulates information on trends, advances, new knowledge and developments, challenges in the meat business which are delivered daily through the companys e-mail (Gary and Kotler, p. 63). Our companys also uses the salespeople to provide a vital source of market intelligence. The company uses the sales peoples to get their view on a problem in the market. They are the ones who are knowledgeable about the products performance in the market, what is being done by the competitors, and what consumers want (Igbaekemen, p 24). Our suppliers provide the Company with a lot of information. They know and have an idea why which firms are moving a lot of portfolio. Fine Meat Company also enlists the services of an expert in the industry, business writers and journalists to gather more information. The company also put high emphasis on customers in market research by seeing the customers behaviors. The customers offer a lot hints, which the Company is confronted to address (Igbaekemen, p. 28). Developing marketing strategy Target market The target markets for Fine Meat Company are both domestic and international markets. For the domestic market all meat and meat products are sold right from the company to the end consumer or through a wholesalers and retailers. Our products are in four segments: Speciality Foodstuff Stores which includes wholesalers, butchers, or grocer positioned in a food market situation, prestigious restaurants and hotels, middle class restaurants, mainly in tourist attraction sites in the country. Finally the other domestic market is the farmers markets where products like as sausages, burgers are traded when they are either fresh or sometimes cooked (Bitner and Boons, p. 49). The consumers who are targeted by the high end food services; speciality food stores and farmers markets are those consumers looking for a different eating or dining experience. The tourist food service market segment targets the tourist looking for the real experience they see in advertisement materials or television. Speciality and farmers market segment are being used to target specific cultural, religious or ethnic class of the consumers who include communities, families or even individuals, whose culture includes regular eating of the specific meat and meat products. For the International market segment, the Fine Meat Company targets the High end Food store, and Speciality food store market segments and targets the High end diner and cultural or religious or ethnic specific consumer groups. Positioning Appreciating and applying the principles of positioning is vital for developing a competent position against our competitors (Koetler and Armstrong, p. 56). Fine Meat Company has made sure it has a good image in the eyes of our current clients. Our customers are having a lasting attachment with our company and see our product brand as the best in the market. Fine meat Company has also put in place offers to attract potential customers and this has gone well with the new customers since our market share keeps on expanding. We have taken our advertisement from the bill boards and television to internet market and social marketing where the competitors have not ventured in giving us a competitive advantage in positioning our brand (Radoviciu and Strem?an, p. 1074). Developing marketing tactics Marketing tactics are a set of renowned marketing tactics, which used in any mixture to satisfy the customers in the target market. The 4-7 Ps include the place, product, promotion, price, place, process, people and the physical evidence. They help companies to analysis and describe significant issues affecting the marketing their products and services (The chartered institute of Marketing, p. 7, 8). Product The Meat Company strives at making the meat and other meat related products that are needed by the consumers. The customers use meat and meat products in their homes or in hotels and restaurants. The meat is always fresh and refrigerated to prevent it from spoilage such that the customers get it in the best quality (Grau, p. 131). The packagings of the products are done in well-designed packaging materials and have a catchy name to appeal to the customers and it has been enriched with different flavours. Price Price is a very vital factor of a marketing plan since the companys profit is determined by the price at which it sells its products. In determining the price of my meat and meat products, the company put in mind factors such as; how much it costs to produce the product, how the consumers perceive the value of the product, put in mind how a slight decrease in the price could considerably increase my share in the market and if the current price keep up with the price of competitors selling the same meat products (Chai, p. 8). Place Placement is a very important part of the market mix. The meat company is positioned and distributes the meat products in a place that is easily reached by all prospective customers. Most of the clients look for the meat products in supermarkets and large retails shops and so the Company makes sure that the supermarkets across the country are fully stocked with our meat products. The company distribution strategy is different from my other competitors since most of them rely on the customers to go to their company sales shop (Bodger and Goulding, p.17). During trade fairs, the company attends them to further increase its visibility to potential clients. Promotion These are the promotional activities the company uses to make the consumers aware of our products and boost brand recognition and sales. The company employs sales promotion, public relations and advertising to achieve this. The marketing messages are delivered to potential buyer throughout through television ads, social media in promoting the product which are new avenues that are not being employed by the other market competitors. People This involves the target market and people directly related to the business. The Company has ensured that it has employed the right people since they are as much a part of the business. The companys employees are vital in marketing since they are the ones who deliver the products and services. The company has ensured that they have been trained and also by retaining the good staff to deliver superior service to the customers (Yasanallah and Vahid, p. 196). Process These are the processes involved in providing our meat and meat products to our customers. In the company all the processes from packaging, distribution, sales, marketing, the pay systems and other systematic procedures and steps are all done in a very efficient way (Bobbitt et al., p. 29). Physical evidence This refers to all the consumers perceive when they interact with the business. The brand, the physical environment the product and the service are being provided, the packaging and the way the staff act and dress have all been stressed to ensure that we remain on top of our competitors in the market (Rafiq et al., p. 8, 9). References Bitner, M. J. and Booms, H. (1981). Marketing Strategies and Organization: Structure for Service Firms. In Donnelly, J. H. and George, W. R. (Eds). Marketing of Services, Conference Proceedings. Chicago, IL. American Marketing Association. p. 47- 52. Bobbitt, J., Haines, H., Hodgeman, R. and Roache. T. 2006. Potential Markets for New and Emerging Meats. Australian government. Rural Industries research and development Corporation. Kingstone. pp. 1-37. Bodger, J., and B. Goulding 2003. Distribution of Meat Products from prospective Australian Industries: crocodiles, emus, rabbits, game birds, hares and snails. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC). pp 1-62. Burns, A. and Bush, R. 2010. Marketing Research, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010, pp. 85. Chai, L. G. 2009. A Review of Marketing Mix: 4Ps or More? International Journal of Marketing Studies, 1(1), pp. 2-15. Gary, A. and Kotler, P. 2007. Marketing: An Introduction. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2007. Grau, F. H. 2001. Meat and Meat Products. In C. J. Moir (ed.), Spoilage of Processed Foods: Causes and Diagnosis. Southwood Press Pty Limited, Sydney, NSW. pp. 1-213. Hunt, M. R., Garmyn, A. J., QQuinn, T. G., Corbin, C. H., Legako, J. F., Rathmann, R. J., Brooks, Igbaekemen, G. O. 2014. Marketing intelligence as a strategic tool for competitive edge. British Journal of Marketing Studies. 2(5), pp. 17-34 C. and Miller, M. F. 2014. Consumer assessment of beef palatability from four beef muscles from USDA Choice and Select graded carcasses. Meat Science, 98: 18. Kariuki, P.M., Awino, Z.B. and Ogutu, M. 2011. Effect of Firm Level Factors, Firm Strategy, Business Environment on Firm Performance, Business Environment Journal, pp 1-27. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. 2008. The principles of marketing, Teora Publishing House, Bucharest. pp. 1-107. Krejcie, R.V. and Morgan, D.W. 1970. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Radoviciu, R. and Strem?an, F. 2009. Companies with market positioning brands. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 11(2), pp. 1072- 1077. Rafiq, M. and Ahmed, P. K. 1995. Using the 7Ps as a Generic Marketing Mix: an Exploratory Survey of UK and Euro-pean Marketing Academics. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 13(9) pp. 4-15. Reicks, A. L., Brooks, J. C., Garmyn, A. J., Thompson, L. D., Lyford, C. L. and Miller, M. F. 2011. Demographics and beef preferences affect consumer motivation for purchasing fresh steaks and roasts. Meat Science, 87: 403411. Schnettler, B., Ruiz, D., Seplveda, O. and Seplveda, N. 2008. Importance of the country of origin in food consumption in a developing country. Food Quality and Preference, 19: 372382. Tevfik, A. and Oktay, F. 2008. Diversification and Firm Performance in an Emerging Market: The Turkish Case. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 3: 131-137. The chartered institute of Marketing. 2009. Marketing and the 7 Ps: A brief Summary of marketing and how it works. Retrieved from: www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources Tuanmat, T. Z. and Smith, M. 2011. "The Effects of Changes in Competition, Technology and Strategy on Organizational Performance in Small and Medium Manufacturing Companies", Asian Review of Accounting, 19(3):208 220. Yasanallah, P. and Vahid, B. 2012. Studying the Status of Marketing Mix (7Ps) in Consumer Cooperatives at Ilam Province from Members Perspectives. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 2012 (2), p. 194-199.

Stereotypes American Progress in the Past Fifty Years free essay sample

This paper examines the progress against stereotypes in America. This paper explores the diffusing of stereotypes in America through exposure and a greater societal understanding. The paper focuses on stereotypes directed at the African-American community and how they have lessened and changed greatly in the last fifty years. From the paper: In the past fifty years we have seen a great change in how stereotypes have presented in the U.S.. In perceiving such racial issues in the black community and elsewhere we find that improvements are being made from the nineteen fifties until the present. With advent of the civil rights movement of the Sixties black stereotypes, for example, have been improving. By analyzing different mediums of stereotyping through the media, films, music and in society there have been tremendous breakthroughs in breaking down barriers.

Free Essays on Yesterdays Dream

Yesterday’s Dream While thinking to myself I recall life is not fair Who was that girl with the curly black hair? Who liked all things should be in pairs, to wear! She was so grateful to have a home than being outsider. Since she grew up and cared by a grandmother, But for her, she’s a great mom, no one can compare Was she the type of girl who’s happy, go lucky? As she’s often called the black sheep of the family! All rules, doesn’t obey she loved doing things in her way She observed life was so hard and to live was not so easy. But she strived to get strength and face the reality. Then she learned to dream fantastic things day by day! One day, when she was sitting by the window And listening to music sounds mellow She was wondering why the leaves turned yellow And fell on the ground when the winds blow Suddenly view about her life for tomorrow If it would be full of joy or full of sorrow! While thinking, many things came out in her mind Like people said true friends are hard to find Because they just come and go then leave you behind And really hard to know for sure if they are kind As they changed so fast from chilly rain into sunshine Like the weather, as it transformed from time to time. And when she grew up, what would be her destiny? Would she be like a fruitful tree or sweet as a honey bee? Would she be a good servant or a revolutionary? Would she become an explorer of any country? Or would she be what she wants to be? Just an ordinary being of the community! Her hopes for her life are high as the sky To be like the bird, that has wings to fly! To soar with the clouds, up so high, And back to life as soon she dies. But it’s only a vision when she’ll wake by and by Sometimes it made her sigh, cry, until time passes by. The years go by; now to be woman she’s glad She learned not to dream since it made her sad Wings like a bird that she never had Its impossible ... Free Essays on Yesterday's Dream Free Essays on Yesterday's Dream Yesterday’s Dream While thinking to myself I recall life is not fair Who was that girl with the curly black hair? Who liked all things should be in pairs, to wear! She was so grateful to have a home than being outsider. Since she grew up and cared by a grandmother, But for her, she’s a great mom, no one can compare Was she the type of girl who’s happy, go lucky? As she’s often called the black sheep of the family! All rules, doesn’t obey she loved doing things in her way She observed life was so hard and to live was not so easy. But she strived to get strength and face the reality. Then she learned to dream fantastic things day by day! One day, when she was sitting by the window And listening to music sounds mellow She was wondering why the leaves turned yellow And fell on the ground when the winds blow Suddenly view about her life for tomorrow If it would be full of joy or full of sorrow! While thinking, many things came out in her mind Like people said true friends are hard to find Because they just come and go then leave you behind And really hard to know for sure if they are kind As they changed so fast from chilly rain into sunshine Like the weather, as it transformed from time to time. And when she grew up, what would be her destiny? Would she be like a fruitful tree or sweet as a honey bee? Would she be a good servant or a revolutionary? Would she become an explorer of any country? Or would she be what she wants to be? Just an ordinary being of the community! Her hopes for her life are high as the sky To be like the bird, that has wings to fly! To soar with the clouds, up so high, And back to life as soon she dies. But it’s only a vision when she’ll wake by and by Sometimes it made her sigh, cry, until time passes by. The years go by; now to be woman she’s glad She learned not to dream since it made her sad Wings like a bird that she never had Its impossible ...

Evaluating Finances of A Non Profit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Team Dynamics - Essay Example It is common to realize that most of the class assignments we undertook in class the previous semester were done as group work. Before I can state the performance of the group, it is imperative that it understood that there are various behavioral concepts that influence the management and operation of group in execution of any activity (Levi, 18). It is always on the basis of such models that the success or failure of a group is attributable. I must classify the performance of my group last semester as high performing. This could be deduced from the good marks attained and the rare show of consolidarity and unity of purpose when undertaking such several activities which had varying technicalities. Group task entails the application of a complex model which has different components which acts at individual level but contribute as whole for the execution of the assigned task. In respect of our group some of the aspects of the behavioral model that encompasses group task included; group members who possessed high standard of self-discipline and other personal attributes, group structure which was in order and formed a formidable force that could face any assignment, interpersonal dynamics with interpersonal skills key in the actions of the group members, outstanding organizational and societal context and positive and realistic goals (Levi, 57). These factors were responsible for the group’s unrivalled exceptional performance.

The Appreciation Of Film Art Film Studies Essay

The Appreciation Of Film Art Film Studies Essay The analysis of film enables viewers to truly appreciate the work as a form of art. It explains all of the working parts, thusly encouraging a more complete understanding of the whole. This in turn deepens the characters, conflicts, and theme of film making it more real or significant to the viewer. While initially developing and implementing skills of analytical viewing are difficult. With practice one will be able to analyze an entire move and describe how viewers find meaning in a film. Also, one can develop their own personal criteria for analyzing film. After reaching these goals the viewer will not only be able to enjoy the film emotionally but also intellectually. Effectively analyzing a film is complex in that film is not static. In literature and screenplays one is able to read and re-read the information because it remains motionless on the page. In film, however the viewer must be able to process the non-verbal, and other visual ques. During critical analysis of a film the critic must be able to view all of the elements separately but also understand their relationship to the whole. The viewer must ask several questions prior to the analysis of the film. Does the film have a unified plot? Is the story and characters credible? Is the film interesting? Does the director create a simplistic yet complex film? Does the film handle emotion with restraint (Boggs, 1996, pg. 6)? A film with a unified plot enables the viewers to follow a stream of consciousness when viewing the movie. Â  It has a beginning, middle, and an end. In literary terms, a unified plot includes an exposition, a rising action, a climax, and a denouement. The characters, theme, and plot are developed as the film progresses. A logical sequence of events maintains a constant theme and the conflict are resolved by elements or characters that have been introduced in the film. The events bear a resemblance to cause and effect; this forces the actions to move the story along (Boggs, 2008, pg. 41). During analysis one must decide if the film is credible. To accomplish this, the plot and the characters will fall into one of three categories. What is understood to be true, what could be true, or what is convincingly created as a reality. Harsh realities often fall into what is understood to be true. The audience knows that the protagonist will not always win and couples do not always stay together. On the other hand, human emotions dictate a desire to experience happy endings. In these films, Romeo would have received his letter from Juliet. Lastly, a production team will create a world of science fiction or fantasy. The objective viewer must decide whether this is done skillfully. The audiences response to the film is directly correlated to the credibility of the fantasy characters and the world of which they live. While all of these aspects can be found in a majority of film, the critical viewer will understand that one follows closest to the theme (Boggs, 2008, pg. 42). The most evident aspect to a reviewer and the audience is the movies ability to captivate. How do the filmmakers make the movie interesting? While to the audience this can be dependent on personal preference, the reviewer must remain objective to make this conclusion. Directors and writers will create suspense throughout the movie to create the desire to keep watching. They will usually provide the audience with clues hinting to possible outcomes. Another aspect of how interesting the movie is the action. Whether it be external, or physical action or it is internal or psychological action. As easily as the reviewer can see a duel or crash landing, they will be able to see external action. Now, when the action takes place in the mind or emotionally for the characters it is internal. They both however create movement that is essential to maintain the audiences interest in the film (Boggs, 2008, pg. 46). The complexity of the film should be taken into consideration during analysis. While it is possible to over-simplify the theme, characters, or the plot of a film it is also possible to make it too complex. Movies are essential created for consumption and as with all things consumed, consumers have different opinions on what pleases them. So, it is possible for many people who enjoy the complexity of a serious, thought-provoking film. On the other hand, it is just as simple to find those who would rather be entertained and do not desire to be challenged during a film. Either way as a critical reviewer, one should be able to recognize how well the film-maker combines these to ideas. How well they are able to present complex ideas in a simple manner without taking away from the meaning, and vice-versa (Boggs, 2008, pg. 48). A final aspect in critical review of film to consider is its ability to present emotional material with restraint. Normally the director will intend for the film to be reciprocated with a certain emotional response from the audience. However, if the audience feels as though it is being forced or coaxed to feeling a certain way it may have the opposite effect. As the objective viewer, one will notice that emotional content can be presented in plot structure, characters dialogue, musical score, and even visual cues. When analyzing the film, it is important to look at all of these aspects to understand the effect that they have on the whole. To understand how the emotional content is presented to add value to the film (Boggs, 2008, pg. 51). People from across every economic, social, gender, cultural, and all other stratifications that can be thought of watch movies. Knowing that people are innately different from one another leads one to the conclusion, that there exist hundreds of different ways that individuals use to find meaning in film. Meaning in cinema can be found and interpreted exclusively at face value. This method of course does not fully value the vision of the filmmakers and does not allow for the viewer to receive the complete experience that critical receptiveness would attain. When a critical viewer attempts to find meaning in a film there are several different areas in which they can search. The meaning of film can be found in its allegories, symbolism, metaphors, and ironies (Boggs, 2008, pg. 55). In cinema and literature, allegories create an additional meaning for what is being portrayed on the screen. The characters normally cannot adopt distinctive personalities because their primary role is to accurately portray something already in existence. In the film, Animal Farm, the audience understands the different roles that each animal plays and their association to the actual events that occurred in the early 1900s (Boggs, 2008, pg. 70). Films often use symbolism to help the audience discover meaning beyond what is being shown. Filmmakers will introduce a symbol that will arouse certain emotions, feelings, thoughts, and connotations within the viewer. This skillful application of symbols can be done with the use of natural or universally accepted signs or through by the director placing emphasis on the symbols throughout the film. Because different natural or universally accepted symbols have different meanings to different people there is some ambiguity in their meanings. For example, a common association of bats in Western society is to demons or spirits, association of the night. While in the East bats are a symbol of good fortune. When filmmakers want to apply meaning to symbols that occur in the film they utilize methods, such as, repetition, value added by characters, and context. When the director places emphasis on an object that otherwise would seem insignificant by showing it to the audience. When the chara cters place emphasis on objects or identify themselves through something, the audience understands that by considering the objects meaning and its associations they will be able to better understand the character. In context, the director will use a symbol to suggest a meaning to the audience through combining scenes, juxtaposition, or relating the object to other images in the scene. In Batman, when Bruce Waynes mother was shot the audience is shown her pearl necklace being broken and falling to the ground an example of juxtaposition (Boggs, 2008, pg. 71). Often in cinema different metaphors are used to represent actions. Normally metaphors are figures of speech that denote an object or idea to suggest likeness or analogies between them. There exist two methods in creating metaphors in film, extrinsic and intrinsic metaphors. Extrinsic metaphors a normally very similar to symbolism in film in that they are achieved by juxtaposition or showing scenes simultaneously. In a romance the director could show a man and woman making love and then show a bee pollinating a flower to show the miracle of life. The intrinsic metaphors occur more naturally, the metaphor can now replace action. The director can simply show the two people entering a room and then show the bees and the audience will understand what is happening. Of course, the metaphor for the actions depicted is the birds and the bees and many people grow up knowing and understanding its connotation (Boggs, 2008, pg. 80). Quite the opposite of metaphors and similes is irony. Irony creates association through differences; through the differences the audiences can draw similarities. There are many different types of irony: dramatic, situational, characters, setting, tone, and cosmic. Audiences draw meaning through irony by understanding the contradictions that exist in the film. In an example of irony of character in Sling Blade, the audience sees that the formally institutionalized for murder, Karl Childers, as a positive role model and even a father figure for Frank Wheatley. This portrays to the audience a caring, loving side of Karl but also shows the hopelessness of Franks situation (Boggs, 2008, pg. 88). Although viewers can find meaning through these devices, the most common methods are through analyzing the plot and characters of a film. The audience is able to automatically identify with these aspects and parallel personal experiences to find a meaning in a film. The conflict which is central to the plot a film is what moves the movie along. Conflict centers on man versus self, nature, society, or man. The characters portrayed in a film can be identified by the conflicts that they will face and the audience will be able to deepen their understanding of characters through the conflicts that they face. Firstly, the audience will see what actions lead to the conflict. Secondly, the audience will see how the character copes with the situation, whether he will rise to meet the challenge, remain static, or fail to act. Finally, the audience will be shown how the character reaches a resolution adding depth to the character. The type of conflict and the personality character who is facing it often develops the theme of a film. Once the nature of the characters is establishes the viewers can find meaning in them. Is the protagonist a strong minded, witty character who always is quick to act, like James Bond? The directors intention in films like these is to glorify traits of heroism and fearlessness. Similarly, Jason Bourne portrays many of the same traits but with distinct differences. Bourne is a neurotic and is on the run seeking vengeance from the government who betrayed him while lacking the suave style normally associated with Bond. While Bond classically a misogynist, Bourne is in love only with one woman. Audiences find interpret these characters differently and value them in different ways whether they like the values that the characters portray or not (Boggs, 2008, pg. 133). Criteria for effectively analyzing a film will vary from person to person. The most important objective is to establish a pattern, a system, or to evaluate films in way to ensure one covers every aspect. Personally I have developed a system that allows me to enjoy a film on an emotional level and then take a critical look at the different elements work together to create the whole. I do this by: locating a film, ensuring I have a clear open mind, watching the film first to determine interest and initial impressions. Then I will watch the film again to carefully analyze literary elements, such as, setting, plot, characters, and symbols. After the film is completed it is important to reflect on several questions. What is the theme of the movie? I consider if the movie effectively communicates a theme to viewers. How did the storyline move? Does the plot flow easily but remains complex drawing the audience in. Does the dialogue work? Will viewers of the film find the dialogue credible and natural? Do the set, lighting, score, and special effects add to the movie? If not properly utilized these effects can overwhelm the senses and detract from the film. How does the film represent its topic? How well is the film edited? If there are unnecessary scenes that do not add to the movie they should be cut out. Also, do scenes effectively transition or has too much been re moved making the film hard to follow. How effectively does the director use symbolism or metaphors? Does the director add depth to the characters or objects through association (Boggs, 2008, pg. 8)? After deliberate review of all of these questions I am able to fully appreciate the value of the effort put into, or lack thereof, filmmakers have put into their work. While at the same time it allows me to enjoy the film on a platonic level prior to analysis. Film is unique because it is an art form but it also an industry. Audiences are willing to sacrifice money and time to take part in the magic of the silver screen. Their love for this art form has created the need to better understand the films, to create a deeper meaning than what is first visible. With practice audiences can analyze an entire move and describe how they find meaning in a film. Also, they can develop their own personal criteria for analyzing film. Techniques employed by filmmakers at first may be difficult to comprehend, but once understood they will add significant value to the film.

International finance manager Essay

Bob Swan is the International Finance Officer to eBay Inc. He is also the senior vice president to the company. He is responsible for eBay’s finance function including controllership, tax, treasury, financial planning and analysis, audit, mergers and acquisitions, and investors relations. He has worked for Electronic Data Systems Corporation (EDS) as an executive vice president. He has also served as Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and executive vice president at TRW, Inc. , held an executive-level position at Webvan Group, Inc. His career started with General Electric in 1985 where he spent 15 years while serving at different positions such as corporate audit staff and CFO at GE Medical Systems-Europe and GE transportation Systems. Bob holds a bachelor of science in business administration from State University of New York at Buffalo. He also has a master of Business Administration from SUNY Binghamton. (eBayExecutiveTeam 2010). Risks management eBay as an online marketplace faces a number of risks. It list millions of items across thousands of diverse categories, including antiques, books, toys, sports, computers, photography and electronics and others. It has to manage operational risks and regulatory and legal issues. The company focuses on building trust and safety for trade to its customers. This is ensured through rules and policies, trust building programmes, various educational resources which help in maintaining general marketplace security and prevent fraud. The company also works with law enforcers and government agencies in the world so as to enforce its policies. Its trading policies are rooted in the values of the eBay market place. It seeks to encourage open, honest, and accountable transactions. It also seeks for feedback from the customers so as to ensure good services. The company also has an eBay safety Center to ensure buying and selling safety. (About eBay 2010; Philippe 2009).

A class trip to remember Essay

Contributing nice photographs from our class trip would be the great challenge to complete an album, which is the photomontage and part of parcel of our portfolio assignment. We planned beforehand the journey to Damai Puri Resort and came out with a list of interesting activities and equipment that we will have to bring along. Out of expectation, it was just the start of the disaster that we could never imagine. The class trip was fun, memorable, and enjoyable. The day of the trip began as usual but it was fun enough for us. The fundamental issue of the trip was the transportation to the location. We have insufficient budget and could only rent a mini van. Then, some of us had no choice and were forced to carpool in Bryan’s car. We had a fun riding trip with some card games and singing some trending songs in the car. Then, Yasmin brought up a hot discussion topic and all of us had a really fun time debating over each other’s statement. Not long after that, the entrance of Damai Puri Resort is just right in front of us. Once we arrived at the destination, we immediately settle down in the hotel room. The bus riding brought us an unforgettable memories and we had enjoyed the greatest moment, chitchatting, singing pop songs and laughing together. I noticed that we were already bonded and literally grouped. We then took our first group photo on the beach. By then, we were divided into groups to play around. Damai is indeed a fun place for outdoor activities and the view is superb, one that we could never forget. Nevertheless, the weather was extremely hot and was unsuitable for activities on the beach. So some of us have decided to soak into the pool and just chilling around. Some other girls who were not interested to swim decided to have their girls talk under the coconut trees. The scenes were memorable. After that, it was nearly evening. We have decided to watch the sunset on the beach, it was indeed beautiful. Lik ewise, we enjoyed the strong wind blows, the coconut torso up, I closed my eyes and listened to the relaxing sound of sea waves. It was such an enjoyable moment. By six o’clock, all of us were exhausted. We were already starving but it is still long to our barbeque dinner. Some of us insisted to take the early dinner at the central food court. Those who struggled starvation went there for their early dinner while the committee were busy preparing the barbecue night for the others. During the preparation of the dinner, Celine, one of the committee, shouted.  Apparently, she forgot to bring the necessary equipment and we could not stick to our plan without it. The girls were complaining and conflict arose. The committees were blaming each other too. Meanwhile, another class were also having the barbecue dinner nearby. At that moment, the smartest guys in our class, Julius came out with an idea, which was to borrow the equipment from them after their dining. Fortunately, the idea worked really well. Although the barbecue became our supper but we still enjoy of it. To sum up the trip experiences, I would use the words: memorable, unforgettable and fun! However, our group leader was pretty upset about the conflicts. There are always ups and downs in our life and I hope she is no longer grieving, I also hope that we will have another trip together and I will definitely volunteer to be the leader to bring up the joy to everyone.

A Pragmatic and Visionary Design Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8596 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Point/South City: A Pragmatic and Visionary Design Process Introduction Object of Study As a reaction to what they believed was uncontrolled and undirected expansion of the built environment in the Netherlands, OMA undertook an investigation entitled Point/South City that provoked a rethink of trends in urban formation and planning. It proposed new ways of tackling problems and relationships associated with the city, landscape and sprawl.   Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Pragmatic and Visionary Design Process" essay for you Create order OMA, the Rotterdam based architecture firm of Rem Koolhaas, approached the subject in a functional, pragmatic manner now often associated with Dutch architects and urban planners. Based on thorough research and analysis, a catalogue of possibility was set out, which displayed innovative and at times extreme outcomes. The intention of the study was boldly set out and enhanced by its cogent presentation of simple provocative diagrams and comparative investigations. History and context were largely rejected and the process, unlike many urban and architectural projects, did not rely upon an external philosophy or theory. The built environment in the Netherlands is, in a broad sense, highly controlled, OMA therefore question why this erosive expansion is able to take place and how it can be countered. But, is the project meant to be taken literally as an effective solution to these problems? Or as a persuasive argument aimed at people to reconsider their preconceptions? Point/South City can be seen as a rhetorical approach, which does what is does for effect, rather than to come to a final outcome or solution to a problem. It shifts peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s thoughts to observe the topic from a different stance than that which they are used to. It does not provide an answer, or even a design, in the strictest sense of the word. The aim is to make people question what is happening around them. Is Dutch planning policy shaping the future? Is the country full? Can suburban development be sustained? What is the relationship between urbanism and landscape? Aim Their success as provocative tools is heavily indebted to their visual strength, which conveys the thought process, as well as their outcome, or what may be called the design solution. Leach states that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Representation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the realm of aesthetics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" has become the repressed discourse in Koolhaass works, whether books or buildings.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[1] Koolhaas would rather draw attention to the process of his designs rather than their visual quality, but they are so strongly linked that it would be impossible to consider one and not the other. Representation in the project is not only linked with the practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design process but also the strategic and political aims of the study. Central to this essay is an analysis of the process by which Point/South City was created and how OMA represented their findings, as this had a significant impact on their success. Particular focus will be put on how and why the visionary and the pra gmatic may be combined in creative and to an extent irrational ways. Writers such as Lootsma have written about the significance of Point/South City in the role it played in the criticism of planning policy at the time.[2] However, thorough analysis of how and why this project was able to do this and what changes, if any, it made to current urban expansion, has not been investigated. The study is often referenced but seldom interpreted. In reviews of Koolhaass work, the project is mentioned briefly in relation to other more well known works, such as Delirious New York and Generic City. Since it has not been analysed in context, this essay attempts to place the project in relation to what came before and after. Although, as previously stated, the project largely rejects the past and context, an analysis of these topics is needed to understand why they took this approach. Were similar studies made or has this method of working been used before? How do they relate to important Dutch urban studies of the 20th century? As OMAs main aim was to change peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views and provoke action; it is also necessary to find out whether this has happened. Academics such as Saunders in reference to Point/South City in particular, but also commenting on experimental architectural initiatives in the Netherlands in general, states that these plans often à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“function as prototypes for later developmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“consequently, realized plans are often almost as extreme and exciting as their prototypes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[3] Is this the case with Point/South City? STRUCTURE This essay is split into three parts. The first aims to find out why this project stands out in relation to urban design in the Netherlands and what had happened in the past for OMA to take such a radical stance. Is there a history of similar visionary projects taking place and have they had a significant influence? Did they use provocative techniques that may have influenced OMA? The planning of the Randstad and proposals for it are also outlined as this had a direct affect on Point/South City. The next section is a detailed analysis of Point/South City itself. A concentrated investigation is made into the representation and manipulation of data and diagrams, and how this process relates to the effectiveness and eccentricity of the project. The final section analyses the affect of the project on what came after it. Have recent investigations that tackled the same topics like the Randstad, density and the city in the Netherlands, been influenced by OMA? Do they use similar techniques in their design process and representation? Also, has the project changed planning policy? Urban Design in the Netherlands Visionary Proposals The Dutch landscape is viewed and treated as a malleable entity. This can be attributed to the massive construction projects that have shaped the country in the last century. Extensive land reclamation, the Delta Works and the formation and partial drainage of the Ijselmeer have made the way that the Dutch view their landscape very different from the rest of the world. Has this led those involved in urban design to think of more visionary and audacious schemes? To gain an understanding of what may have influenced Point/South City and in particular its process of design, it is useful to look at visionary urban developments that were proposed in the Netherlands. Constant Nieuwenhuys was a Dutch artist who between 1956 and 1974 developed concepts, models and drawings for a visionary architectural project called New Babylon. The provocative study envisaged a series of linked transformable structures, some of which were the size of a small city, perched above ground. Its inhabitants would lead a nomadic life of creative play while the bourgeois would be left in the metropolis below. This contentious model is still relevant today: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In the encounter of aesthetics and politics, it figures as a model for the exploration of the current cultural landscape, which is marked by a decline in the capacity to imagine the world differently.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[4] Its liberating influence was inspirational to architects including Koolhaas. Urbanism in the Netherlands during the post-war years offered something unique, Nooteboom states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The opportunity of building completely new cities arises in few countries, but here, that which every architect of the twentieth century dreamed of, existed as a real possibility, in the new polders.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[5] J.H van den Broek and J.B. Bakema were offered such an opportunity in 1965 with Pampus City, a new development on reclaimed land in the Ijmeer to the East of Amsterdam. Their scheme proposed a radical alternative to urban and regional planning, breaking though the traditional separation of city and landscape. In contrast to the traditional ring-like expansion of Amsterdam, Pampus City would be a linear extension of high density high rise blocks that would emphasise the contrast between polder landscape and the city by interweaving solid and void. Although it was a considerable shift away from the traditional, it was well received, however ultimately unrealised in their generation. Nearly 45 years later this vision became reality. The master plan by Palmboom van den Bout presented in 1995 was largely based on the original scheme and is currently in the first stage of construction. Would the new plan have been accepted if the visionary Pampus City proposal had not existed? Nooteboom describes a backlash to this type of project in the 1970s: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A reaction to this wasteland-building came from people like Herzberger, Piet Blom, Theo Bosch, Aldo van Eyck; they put the emphasis on the small scale; the human dimension, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" literally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" on individuality. Their publications reveal a profound belief in the creativity of man.The philosophy is turned inward and no longer encompasses the whole world or even the whole city à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" no more dream towns are designed, the architectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ thinking always remains close to the people, lingers on their door-steps, wanders through their houses, ponders over the relationship between indoors and outdoors, turns away from the big manipulated ugliness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[6] Koolhaas, on the other hand, felt that this was a time when the large scale was most important: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in the 70s and 80s, while the world was in the process of enlarging, architecture was subdividing; there was a self-marginalization, a fanatical attention to detail, even a language that was splintering. Bigness already existed, as the outcome of inventions such as steel and air-conditioning, but engineering was still being considered a mere afterthought and not a necessary complement to architecture. And in fact there seemed to be absolutely no conceivable connection between architecture and the driving forces in society. So the reason to consider Bigness was to find a way to align architecture with the bigness of the new climate.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[7] There is a history of studies in the Netherlands that have dealt with urban issues on a large scale. For example (fig1) shows an installation for the Dutch pavilion at the World Fair in Osaka 1970. The map by Wim Crouwel represents the urban planning scheme of the Netherlands, comparing the situation in 1970 with the one expected in the year 2000. Although this scheme did not propose any changes, it is representative of a design culture that is constantly looking to the future. The Randstad It is necessary to gain an understanding of the Randstad in particular the concept of the Green Heart as it is one of the main notions that is challenged by OMAs study. It would be impossible to speak of urbanism in the Netherlands without reference to the Randstad. That the built environment in the Netherlands is often referred to as The Randstad and the rest illustrates its importance[9] Although there are doubts as to whether this was the first time it was noted, this romanticised image is what brought it to the attention of the nation, and is most likely also a factor in the notionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s longevity. It is surprising to think that an idea founded on a visual interpretation has informed urban growth for 50 years. The cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague had, through no premeditated aim, formed an arbitrary ring-like pattern that was then manipulated and adopted as planning policy. Because the urban environment was taking this shape naturally, future developments would follow this framework, therefore construction was directed outward and the green centre of the ring protected. The strength and endurance of the notion is founded upon its clarity and ease of understanding. Many have, however deemed it to be dominated by a debilitating aesthetic vision to order the appearance of the city and the man-made landscape. There were undoubtedly many things about the traditional model of the Randstad that made it a logical plan to follow, but it is likely that the strong image of the idea meant it went unchallenged longer than it should have done. As Dieleman stated in his analysis of the Randstad in 1992, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“For a long time, Dutch politicians and scientists unanimously lau ded the benefits of this form of urban development. Only recently have scientific analysts questioned the concept and the direction in which the Randstad is headed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? [10] Before WWII planners had already become concerned with overcrowding in the west of the Netherlands. This concern however, did not prompt a solution through increased density. Instead an anti-urban approach was taken which suggested that; a Dutch city should not have more than a million inhabitants, that open spaces in or near built up areas had to be preserved and that migration from the rest of the country to the Randstad should be limited.[12] This was a response to the belief that the Randstad was full and that the rest of the country was empty.   Chief planning consultant for the Commission for the Western Netherlands, J.P.Thijsse illustrated growing concerns with intense suburban development and higher than expected population growth, with his doom scenario that depicted swathes of development infiltrating the green heart. This diagram was crucial in a heated debate that occurred within the Commission for the Western Netherlands in the 1950s. At the time there were a number of dissenters, among them representatives of the representatives of the Ministry of Transport and Waterways, who stated that the preservation of a Green Heart ran against economic logic. They also suggested that the growing dominance of green agriculture in the region, which was responsible for over-production, substantial pollution and greenhouses that blighted the landscape, were not worth being protected. Thijsses diagram swayed the rest of the Commission against the dissenters that wanted change.[13] As a result the concept of the Randstad has persist ed and the Green Heart has pursued largely unchallenged until the present day. This shows the power of the visual representation of a vision of the future upon planning policy. The problem of sprawl was largely ignored until 1966 when the Second Report on Physical Planning in the Netherlands was published, which was the first planning document that came close to being a national plan. It put forward policies for accommodating a population of 20 million in the year 2000, while taking a negative view of suburban sprawl which became synonymous with the policy of keeping the Green Heart open. To achieve this, the concentrated deconcentrated (fig 1) policy was put forward as a solution. This strategy allowed people to live in a suburban development, but these developments were concentrated within designated overspill areas. These expansions would rely upon neighbouring cities, thus creating a city region. This coincided with the restructuring of the planning system from being centrally governed to decentralized in the new Physical Planning Act of 1965. This had a pronounced effect on the effectiveness of control, as Musterd points out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Since then, national and provincial plans are merely indicative and not binding, as they used to be. The plans allow for few reserve powers for higher authorities to ensure that wider concerns are observed by lower levels of government.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[15] Therefore the powerful notion of the Randstad became, in many ways, a hindrance.   The late 1970s was a period of stagnation in Dutch architecture. As a way of reversing this trend supportive infrastructure was set up by cultural institutions. Among initiatives such as The Netherlands Architecture Institute and the Netherlands Architecture Fund to reinvigorate the profession, the Rotterdam Arts Council initiated the international design event Architecture International Rotterdam (AIR) in 1982, which aimed to confront the isolated nature of the profession in the Netherlands through a discourse with acclaimed architects and critics from abroad[17] Point/South City à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Holland is nothing but a burned-out skeleton of a culture that was once ambitious, critical, and devoted to a kind of modernism.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[18] Criticism of the current situation Point/South City was part of AIR 1993 which focused on Rotterdams postwar urban development, the urban periphery and their development in the urban landscape, in particular the north eastern area called Alexanderpolder. Alle de Jogne, the director of this manifestation of AIR, states their aim was to investigate, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the relation between suburbia and the traditional city, both from functional and cultural perspectives. This was set against a background of increasing individuality, heterogeneity and fragmentation of society on one hand, and economic globalization and technological expansion on the other.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[19] OMA moved beyond Alexanderpolder and Rotterdam to consider the limitations of the current process of urban expansion affecting the Randstad and in effect the whole of the country. In the foreword to their visual studies, OMA comment on what they feel is the irony of the treatment of the Dutch landscape, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the (one) country that more than any other fabricated itself, now treats its territory as if it has the authenticity and inevitability of natureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[20] They state their dismay at the almost indoctrinated, unconscious acceptance of Dutch planners that envision the Randstad as an organic, outward expanding city that encircles an empty green centre. They challenge the fact that this ideal has never been scrutinised, analysed or adjusted. Is there a functional reason for the cities to develop like this? OMA convey their apathy towards this weak approach:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Through this lack of conceptual explicitness, political decisions are not placed in the context of a particular vision or ambition but are seemingly degenerating in an endless series of pragmatic adjustments that cumulatively have eroded whatever contents of clarity there was in the formula empty heart full periphery.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? [21] This erosion has meant that the Randstad cities on the periphery are spilling into the open heart and spoiling the contrast between urban and open, with low density architecture. Sprawl is damaging the relationship between city and landscape by blurring the contrast of its surroundings by blending the unique qualities and identity of different parts into a generic mass. The quality of variation between open and closed space has become diluted by horizontal expansion. The reduction in density and dilution of the complex spatial interaction has meant that a vital element to the success and character of cities has been lost. OMA suggest that this trend should be reversed by increasing density to achieve, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“truly urban conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[22] Their short manifesto puts emphasis on the loss of difference that has been created by the dispersed built environment that is porous to the natural landscape. The complex vibrancy of the city has degraded towards blandness. They in tend to challenge the governments persistence to continue implementing the policies of the past. They believe that re-enhancing these contrasts and strengthening their control through an innovative set of planning principles would have a significant impact, not only on the existing spatial landscapes, but also on the social and political ones. OMAs Aim OMAs response to the failings and lack of innovation at the highest scale of national planning are two proposals for the entire country. Both are extreme interpretations far removed from convention. They state that the investigations are, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“models that have as their cardinal virtue the fact that they abandon the systematic denial of reality which gives the entire official thinking such a problematic and ineffective aura, and that they reintroduce explicit ideological choices.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[23] One of the main aims of the investigation was to initiate a debate on urban expansion at a national scale. Their provocative studies were an attempt to; get people to question urban development rather than to let it happen as if it was an uncontrolled certainty, to provoke professionals involved in the built environment to imagine their work in the context of a larger scheme and to inspire the general public to think of their effect as a collective force. Point City, the first proposal, discovers a new potential from the existing condition of the Randstad by creating a city within it, while the rest of the country would be given a restrictive policy that is devoted to nature, leisure, history and tourism. South City is an even more extreme option that does not have the sentimental value of Point City, as it involves the destruction of the Randstad cities. All future planning would be directed to the lower half of the Netherlands under Alexanderpolder, therefore positioning it closer to the most active zone of Europe. As a result of this, South City has the capacity to provide for a larger population but would have a greater impact on the landscape. The advantages of both these schemes is that a concentrated environment would have: efficient infrastructural networks, dense, truly urban conditions, highly developed planning and a concentrated power of decision instead of an opaque system of decentralization. The proposals reject what Du tch planning policy has advocated for over 50 years. Point and South City are tested with varying extremes of density using the real examples of Los Angeles and Manhattan. As well as being generally well known, these precedents are the focus of important works in architectural discourse, Reyner Banhams à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1971) and Koolhaass à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Delirious New Yorkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1978) and were therefore known well to many involved in the AIR design event. The density of Los Angeles is used to construct a dystopian scenario which shows the affects of a highly dispersed urban environment on the Netherlands, either using up much of the land or displacing part of the population. Alexanderpolder represents the density of typical expansion of the built environment in the Netherlands. OMA also state that the role of the Alexanderpolder region in the project is to act as a ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? zoom which allows us to imagine a totally unrecognisable new Dutch realityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Alex anderpolder is at the centre of both visions and therefore is seen as the birthplace of the new city which can act as a testing ground of its potential. Manhattan represents an ideal high density urbanism. Visual Analysis It is ironic that what follows is an analysis of the design process of the project in words, as its strength comes from not having to be explained like this, but to find out how the diagrams are effective, this is necessary. The diagrammatic sequence follows a narrative logic. It begins with information input: a simple line drawing of the country, existing population data, land use statistics and three density precedents. These informative diagrams feed into the following stage, the Point/South City design process, which combines these inputs by reorganizing and redistributing space and density. The final part is a comparative review of all the parts of the investigation. The first diagram of the input stage is a map of the Netherlands in which the main land uses have been redistributed. This type of diagram would usually be the second step in a process, the first being the display of the current land use distribution. This irregular approach sends out a clear message that the current layout of the Netherlands has little relevance. The programme of the country; the percentage allocated to agriculture, nature, infrastructure and the built environment has been redistributed horizontally across the map. This creates an understanding of the percentages as the data is put into a context that is spatially understood by the viewer. This image is also the first iteration of South City. Also part of this introductory section is a graph that shows the changes in population dispersal at intervals of 20 years in the Netherlands between 1900 and 1990. This is the only definitive time scale used in the whole project and the only direct reference to the past. This highlights one of the main concerns that OMA has; that the population of the Randstad has been gradually migrating from its biggest cities to the rest of the country. A comparative study of Los Angeles, Alexanderpolder and Manhattan, displaying their required size to accommodate the current Dutch population, is also conducted at this stage. At Los Angeles density the current built environment of the Netherlands would have to be extended by 2850km2 and for Alexanderpolder and Manhattan it could be reduced by 1275km2 and 2550km2 respectively. At this stage the densities are given abstract representations to be used in the following diagrams. This first section provides all the elements which are needed for the cre ation of Point/South City. The main diagram of Point City shows how the 15 million inhabitants of the Netherlands would be accommodated within a circle in the middle of the existing Randstad. With a diameter of 43.6km the density of the city would be 10054 people per km2. Under this is a series of diagrams showing the process by which the rest of the country would gradually become void as people relocate to the new city. There is no definite time span, which indicates that this process is flexible and could therefore happen at any time and at any rate. The following six diagrams are split into two columns and are the most successful as provocative gestures. The left column shows the diameter required to accommodate the current population at the precedent densities. The right column shows the densities at the desired 43.6km and indicates the affect this would have on population. Only 3.73 million people could inhabit Point City at Los Angeles density; this figure increases to 37.3 million at Manhattan density. The main diagram of South City is a map of the Netherlands that shows the built environment filling up from the south to Alexanderpolder, roughly in the middle of the Netherlands. For this area to accommodate the Dutch population there would be 1290 people per km2, making it less dense than Los Angeles. However, as indicated in the last image in this section, at Manhattan density this same area could accommodate 290 million people. The rest of the diagrams follow the same process as that of Point City, with a phasing indication and the two columns of density studies. The final section of the project is a review of the most important findings to come out of the investigation. The Los Angeles, Alexanderpolder and Manhattan densities for Point and South City are collated on one map as line drawings. This allows for a clear comparison of the spatial impact of each. Also featured is a more detailed phasing strategy that shows the plan of Alexanderpolder becoming a city, which is represented by the urban pattern merging into a more solid form, or becoming void which is represented by the urban pattern decaying. Both studies present Manhattan as the best urban model for the Netherlands. The high density of the grid plan in Manhattan represents timeless and flexible urbanism that can create a basis for planning which matches the speed, flexibility and adaptability of a modern nation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Through graphs, diagrams and other forms of statistical analysis, they explore the factors that inform and influence society today. Their emphasis is on the processes that lie beneath the surface level manifestations. Although the primary concern is an attempt to understand process they nonetheless subscribe to an unacknowledged discourse of representation. They are not just diagrams and graphs. They are exquisitely designed diagrams and graphs.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? [24] Diagrammatic clarity Those who attended the Alexandpolder conference were a combination of professional and non-professional, local and foreign delegates. Therefore the design had to have a global understanding. Even if the short written outline was not read, the project had to be understood. Reading of the Point/South City diagrams is more or less instantaneous; there is an immediate apprehension of the general idea that is presented. This is largely because the diagrams are kept simple with only three variables used in the entire study: time, land use organization and density. The simplicity of the proposal makes it easy to interpret. What may be lost through lack of detail is countered by the speed by which the scheme is understood. The map of the Netherlands, combined with the spatial ordering and abstraction of density, allows for the creation of one simple, succinct diagram that displays the idea, as well as demanding attention. Point/South Cityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s simplicity contradicts the complex ities inherent in the topics it deals with. OMA uses the diagrams to question what most merely accept. Does there need to be a step back from these complexities, so that problems can be viewed in a wider context? Do we get caught up with the intricacy of detail? Does there need to be a clear vision and structure to adhere to? As important as the solutions that OMA provide, is the inclusion of diagrams that display the working that has gone into developing them. What would the study demonstrate if only the final outcome was shown? The inclusion of these diagrams that show multiple effects and scenarios provide depth and rigour to the conclusions, while also making the study more transparent. This adds to the persuasive element of the process as it highlights the investigative research. It also emphasises that this is an honest method that does not aim to hide its constraints or deceive. The diagrams move from a European to a national and eventually to an urban analysis of a kilometre square, but the national scale features most prominently. Koolhaas asserts that the power of the large scale lies in the, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“artificiality and the fragmentation it produces, and how, in a way, the very bigness turns into an antidote against fragmentation. Each of those entities acquires the pretension and sometimes the reality of a completely enveloping reality, and an absolute autonomy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[26] The investigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clarity is also enhanced by following a logical progression; from a study of land use in the Netherlands, to precedent density comparison, and the two applications. Taken as one entity the project functions as a cogent piece of graphical design that strengthens its case as a proposal for the future and a protest of undirected urban expansion. Abstraction The abstract nature of the project makes it open to different interpretation. Although the investigations are a criticism of the bureaucracy inherent in urban development which manifests itself in poorly conceived and unregulated regulation, Point/South City does not provide a concrete solution or definitive outcome to be adhered to. This point may be dismissed by stating that the ideas within this investigation are, unattainable and not realistic, and therefore do not require such guidelines. But this approach can also be viewed as a flexible strategy to deal with the indeterminate field of contemporary urbanisation. Therefore the investigations can also be interpreted as an alternative to highly regulated urban development that instead advocates an open ended approach. This method is promoted by Dieleman who suggests: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dynamism, flexibility, and the capacity to adapt, on the other hand, and stable basic qualities on the other, will be the key to optimal development o pportunities for an urbanized centre such as the Randstad.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[27] Even though Manhattan is used as an example, its black representation in the diagrams, could resemble any urban formation that would provide this level of density. Point and South City would most likely become what Koolhaas describes as a Generic City. Koolhaas elaborates on his criticism of current urbanisation with this statement: People can inhabit anything. And they can be miserable in anything and ecstatic in anything. More and more I think that architecture has nothing to do with it. Of course, thats both liberating and alarming. But the generic city, the general urban condition, is happening everywhere, and just the fact that it occurs in such enormous quantities must mean that its habitable. Architecture cant do anything that the culture doesnt. We all complain that we are confronted by urban environments that are completely similar. We say we want to create beauty, identity, quality, singularity. And yet, maybe in truth these cities that we have are desired. Maybe their very characterlessness provides the best context for living.[28] This declaration goes some way to explaining why the architectural quality of this black matt urbanism is not elaborated upon. OMA know that they can have almost no control over what would happen in the city. In this study the character of the city is not important; its only requirement is to provide density. Lack of context provides another level of abstraction, it removes any thought of the past and focuses on the future. All the statistical analysis explores the factors that informed and influenced society at that moment in time, what had come before was not important. Apart from the outline of the country, the analysis of land use, and the zoomed square of urban analysis of Alexanderpolder, context is largely ignored. The diagrams are devoid of the demarcation of cities or historical development. By treating the country as a collective no particular area is given importance over another. Alexanderpolder, a small suburban development on the edge of Rotterdam is anonymous, most Dutch people will have little knowledge or affinity with the area, it has limited contextual quality. The project represents only the surface of what would be a highly complex system; an avoidance of delving into too much detail. Strategies needed for the successful implementation of Point/South City such as infr astructure are missing. The general shift in their vision of the future urban expansion is the most important aspect to get across. An elaborate highly detailed study would detract from this aim. Even though it has been suggested that the Point/South City studies do not provide a vision that could be implemented; it could be argued that they do. There are similarities between it and the study of London entitled Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture created in 1972 for a competition on The City as a Significant Environment.[30] It is likely that OMA would have the same opinion towards Point/South City. Is the Alexanderpolder project optimistic? In reference to Koolhaass work in general, Leach notes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To convert optimism into danger and to make that danger speak; this set of operations arguably has always been the core of Rem Koolhaass architectural program, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[31] Point/South City partly shows a doom scenario like Thijes diagram, that of the Los Angeles density inflicted upon the Dutch landscape, while offering a more optimistic view with the Manhattan density. There are no romanticized images of these future visions, like those of Pampus City or even for that matter, negatives ones. It shows what it needs to show without really conveying an opinion, an experiment without a conclusion. It is up to the viewer to decide. Counteractive Process There are some errors with some of the labelling of diagrams and mixing up of some of the typologies. This is probably due to time constraints and has negligible affect on the main aims of the project. But there are some bigger problems with a design process that relies so much on abstract representation and the way the viewer interprets this information. The main negative point with Point/South City is ironically the over reliance on the image and the power of it. In reference to OMAs work in general, Leach states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What is at risk in this process of aestheticization is that political and social content may be subsumed, absorbed and denied. The seduction of the image works against any underlying sense of social commitmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[32] This theory can be applied to Point/South City.   Reality has become so abstracted, and the statistics so specifically selected and manipulated, that it has become an escapist version of the Netherlands that has been tuned to convey only the aspects OMA want to show. The diagrams are at such a large scale and high level of abstraction that problematic realities may lie dormant. On the other hand, these simplifications although hiding some of the fundamental issues at stake, offer a form of connectivity that allow people to relate to their environment. If the images are taken at a more literal level as a real solution to the problems in the Netherlands, it could be argued that OMAs seductive images detract from what they are actually showing. Viewers could be deceived by the images and not by what they entail. This raises the question of why has the project never been elaborated upon in later works. Is it reasonable to present these images without taking them further? Has it not been taken further because there is a weakness in the idea? What are the technicalities? Why havent the conditions that were redistributed at the start, such as agriculture and infrastructure not been reintroduced? This would diminish the clarity of the work. But it could have been shown in a study at the end. OMA are articulating that they do not think the current situation is right, but are not providing a clearer solution. They have gained our attention but not taken it any further and are too optimistic in their view that people would accept a density l ike that of Manhattan. What about all the negative impact that this would have? The viewer is persuaded and intrigued by the statistics, but what is the reality of this being adopted in the Netherlands? The people at OMA may think that this metropolitan ideal is the way to live, but many would disagree. Although it was earlier argued that some of the questions that Koolhaas has previously raised, like those brought up in his discussion of the Generic City, a critique of the placelessness of the contemporary cityscape, where each city is virtually indistinguishable from the next, have been avoided. Koolhaas himself acknowledges that there is a discrepancy between his writings and his practice of architecture, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There is an enormous, deliberate, and I think healthy discrepancy between what I write and what I do.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Would people accept having one generic city as a country? Why would people rather live in this city than in suburbia? These are obviously questions that are impossible to answer in the time that OMA would have allocated to this study. But subsequent work has not tackled these issues either. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The officials and authorities in the Netherlands need to show a bit of courage, and start to think and act on a larger scale. We have to leave our parochial outlook behindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[33] Influence on Planning Policy and Similar Projects Planning Policy In 2008 the Randstad had a population of seven million; 45% of the total population on 26% of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s land area. Estimates on the development of the Randstad indicate that a significant demand for housing still needs to be met; a standard rate of 15% of the current housing supply which could increase to 30% if rapid growth is to occur.[34] These figures indicate that the general concerns about space shortages and urban sprawl still remain high, like they were in 1993. Is the government now approaching this problem with a more regulated and realistic plan that would stifle these concerns? In the report entitled Randstad 2040, the Dutch government states that it currently places greater emphasis on cities and the concentration of urbanisation in the cities in the Randstad vision and that they are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“concerned about rampant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"urban clutterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the loss of green and open space.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[35] By adopting an approach of concentration and consolidation the government hopes to dispense with the need to identify new expansion locations. But they do declare that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“should the future housing demand significantly exceed current estimates, new expansion locations will be developed in the following sequence: -   within existing built areas; -   adjacent to the cities in the northern and southern Randstad at relatively elevated locations that are situated favourably relative to infrastructure; -   locations further afield.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[36] They also admit that housing demand will have to be met in less dense environments to comply with the various wishes of citizens and to be internationally competitive, which would therefore result in further sprawl. The Randstad 2040 policy also states that high-rise building in the cities must link in with densely populated urban locations, with due regard to cultural history and the perception of city and country from the viewpoint of surrounding, valuable landscapes. This means, for example, that high-rise building is inappropriate in national landscapes. As a result of this the true urban condition that OMA aim for is unattainable. Even though the ideology of the Green Heart as been dampened, there are still metaphorical images used to strengthen their argument: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The coast, IJsselmeer and the south western Delta are developing within this delta as the Randstadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s front garden, with the Green Heart as the back gardenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[37] It seems that OMA s example of a meaningful and visionary policy that would deal with the problems head on is still far from being adopted. Recent measures to restructure formal government sectors have resulted in a reduction in the number of bodies and the creation of regional authorities: small municipalities have been merged, and the water management boards have followed suit so that only four major water boards now exist in the Randstad area.   All other attempts at restructuring the government, such as creating city-provinces by cutting urban regions from the realm of their provinces, or the 2006 attempt by a prestigious state committee to create one Randstad province have so far failed.[38] Spatial issues are also becoming more complex; developments are increasingly expanding across municipal and provincial borders. It would be ignorant to suggest that the partial centralization of the planning process in the Randstad is solely attributed to the influence of Point/South City, but it is reasonable to say that it may have provoked people to initiate this process. Nonetheless, a national planning system that OMA advocated is far from becoming reality. The illustrations used in Randstad 2040 are visually clear and striking but unlike Point/South City are not reinforced by research or relevant data and are therefore bereft of substance, much like the governments policy on urban expansion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In this nationwide city, the roads would become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"city streetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and thereby take on an entirely different character. Areas of natural landscape would become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"city parksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. There would be several water districts and a power-generating zone, as well as a couple of neighborhood committees. In short, you would have NL-CITY.[39] NL City The Dutch architecture and urban design practice MVRDV produced NL City in 2004 as part of the publication KM3: Excursions on Capacities. This was a follow-up to the publication of FARMAX, which sought to question and analyse the growing suburban greyness of the Netherlands and to propose new ways of thinking about the homogenization of landscape. KM3 extends this idea to a three-dimensional model, one that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“generates space instead of consuming ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[40] and encourages variety in form. It adopts a similar approach to Point/South City by using a similar methodology and elaborating on many of the ideas it put forward. It is an extension of the proposition put forward by OMA and heavily influenced by it. NL City however, does not disregard context, it is reactionary to the present. The proactive design attempts to counter the culture of pessimism and protectionism that has blighted urbanism, and the disorganised complexity of planning procedure that have forced Dutch cities to compete with each other for resources and populations. MVRDV make the same claim as OMA; Holland is a sprawling string of relatively low density cities with no urban core. NL City will re-organize the Netherlands so that it is no longer a single autonomous nation with independently operating cities, but a single entity that works towards a common goal. Like Point/South City, NL CITY wants to distinctly change the way planning is handled. With 16 million inhabitants, it is the most populated, least dense city in the world. In fact, only 15% of the land is developed.[41] In contrast to Point/South City, NL City is more detailed and finalised. OMAs project posed questions; MVRDV provides answers. Although centrally controlled the city is split up into separate zones that are specialisms derived from existing trends and urban necessities. Possibilities include an area dedicated to agriculture, an offshore energy zone and a distribution zone. There are no density or urban form experiments, the urban environment will be based in Brabant. NL City simplifies the current conditions of the Netherlands, making planning issues much more transparent. CONCLUSION By analysing the process by which Point/South City was created and how OMA represented their findings, the aim of this investigation was to understand how this technique was developed and the advantages of its use. The highly innovative process had no obvious precedent. Therefore research was conducted into previous projects that displayed similar characteristics. It can be concluded that the projects of Constant Nieuwenhuys, J.H van den Broek and J.B. Bakema that were based on a visionary and idiosyncratic approach, created a dynamic and diverse environment that promoted completely new ideas and shifts away from the ordinary. OMA began by ascertaining the gaps in urban planning. In their opinion, the size of the task called for a large-scale urban planning approach. They felt that landscape was being employed to legitimise the continued uncontrolled urbanisation of open space and that the development of the Randstad and the green heart was turning into more and more of a sell-out of a formerly carefully planned and administered area. As an alternative, Point/South City advocated a firm policy to support the development of genuine, dense cities and the preservation of open space. By showing the spatial consequences in the constructed landscape of transformations in urban density, a number of questioning scenarios are instigated by the city to consider the implications for the urban environment. Point/South City is above all a didactic tool that is a light hearted and serious study, an educational aid and a political instrument. It plays an active role by confronting viewers with social and environmental ri sks and their possible solutions in the form of future scenarios. It would be unfair to take a completely critical view of the government and developers, as the support they provide to national institutions that often create events that promote experimental outlooks for the future, is substantial. This type of investigation has no immediate worth or practical application, so is not something an architect would often undertake of their own accord. But, the inspiration and potential functional worth it has in the future is what makes the investigation important. In the Netherlands these events may face extensive criticism, but the framework for this type of debate is in place, which is not the case in many countries. Although the visual representation and convincing pragmatism of Point/South City managed to have a profound influence on design process in the Netherlands, for example that of MVRDV, the effect that OMA would have wanted to have on planning policy has been limited. Instead of a true reinvention of the Netherlands by linking the new design of the country to present and future requirements, there is a danger that in the near future the country will consist of collages of recycled housing developments. In another 10 yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ time will we look back upon these projects with regret that nothing was done when it was still possible? Or is it already too late? Have these plans been left to slumber in mediums that commemorate the seemingly impossible, never to be realized? Or have they acted as a catalyst for change in the profession, perhaps not in a literal sense of following the OMA plans. But the fresh, radical and visually strong approach may be an inspiration for those exa sperated with the regurgitated planning visions for the country, and therefore more investigations of this nature will be carried out, and may even be put into practice. [1]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Leach, Neil. CAMOUFLAGE. In Considering Rem Koolhaas and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture : What Is Oma. Edited by   VÃÆ' ©ronique Patteeuw. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2003. p92 [2]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lootsma, Bart. Synthetic Regionalization: The Dutch Landscape Toward Modernity. In Recovering Landscape : Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture. Edited by James Corner. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Saunders, William S. The New Architectural Pragmatism : A Harvard Design Magazine Reader, Harvard Design Magazine Readers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007. p256 [4]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Wigley, Mark, Constant, M. Catherine de Zegher, and Drawing Center (New York N.Y.). The Activist Drawing : Retracing Situationist Architectures from Constants New Babylon to Beyond. New York ; London: Drawing Center ; MIT Press, 2001. p11 [5]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Nooteboom, Cees. Unbuilt Netherlands : Visionary Projects by Berlage, Oud, Duiker, Van Den Broek, Van Eyck, Hertzberger and Others. London: Architectural Press, 1985. p86 [6]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Nooteboom, Cees. Unbuilt Netherlands : Visionary Projects by Berlage, Oud, Duiker, Van Den Broek, Van Eyck, Hertzberger and Others. London: Architectural Press, 1985. p88 [7]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Heron, Katrina. From Bauhaus to Koolhaas. Wired, July 1996, p37 [8]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p17 [9]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p3 [10]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p3 [11]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p20 [12]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p21 [13]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p27 [14]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p25 [15]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p17 [16]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lootsma, Bart. Superdutch : New Architecture in the Netherlands. London: Thames Hudson, 2000. p13 [17]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ibid. [18]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Koolhaas, Rem, Sanford Kwinter, and Rice University. School of Architecture. Rem Koolhaas : Conversations with Students. 2nd ed, Architecture at Rice University 30. Houston, Tex. New York: Rice University, Princeton Architectural Press, 1996. p50 [19]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Devolder and Lootsma. In Search of New Urban Forms. In Alexanderpolder: New Urban Frontiers. Edited by Anne-Mie Devolder. Bussum: Thoth, 1993. p7 [20]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Rem Koolhaas. et al. New Urban Frontiers. In Alexanderpolder: New Urban Frontiers. Edited by Anne-Mie Devolder. Bussum: Thoth, 1993. p60 [21]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Rem Koolhaas. et al. New Urban Frontiers. In Alexanderpolder: New Urban Frontiers. Edited by Anne-Mie Devolder. Bussum: Thoth, 1993. p60 [22]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ibid, p61 [23]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Rem Koolhaas. et al. New Urban Frontiers. In Alexanderpolder: New Urban Frontiers. Edited by Anne-Mie Devolder. Bussum: Thoth, 1993. p61 [24]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Leach, Neil. CAMOUFLAGE. In Considering Rem Koolhaas and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture : What Is Oma. Edited by VÃÆ' ©ronique Patteeuw. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2003. p92 [25]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Croquis #53; OMA/Rem Koolhaas; El Croquis Editorial.; Madrid, 1997. p20 [26]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Van den   Burg, Leo. Dutch Morphological Analysis In a European Context. In The European City : Architectural Interventions and Urban Transformations. Edited by Francois Claessens, and Duin, L. van, Eaae Transactions on Architectural Education No.25. Delft, The Netherlands: DUP Science, 2004. p371 [27]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p257 [28]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Heron, Katrina. From Bauhaus to Koolhaas. Wired, July 1996, p36 [29]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Schaik, Marinus Jan Hendrikus van, and Otakar MÃÆ' ¡*cel. Exit Utopia : Architectural Provocations, 1956-76. Munich ; London: Prestel, 2005. p263 [30]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Schaik, Marinus Jan Hendrikus van, and Otakar MÃÆ' ¡*cel. Exit Utopia : Architectural Provocations, 1956-76. Munich ; London: Prestel, 2005. p253 [31]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Koolhaas, Rem, Sanford Kwinter, and Rice University. School of Architecture. Rem Koolhaas : Conversations with Students. 2nd ed, Architecture at Rice University 30. Houston, Tex. New York: Rice University Princeton Architectural Press, 1996. p68 [32]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Leach, Neil. The Anaesthetics of Architecture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999. p45 [33]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __A member of the public at the Madurodam à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Randstad Sessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in February 2008. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Randstad 2040: Summary of the Structural Vision. p31 [34]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   van der Burg and Vink. Randstad Holland towards 2040 perspectives from national government. 44th ISOCARP Congress 2008. p1 [35]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Randstad 2040: Summary of the Structural Vision.   p4 [36]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Randstad 2040: Summary of the Structural Vision.   p50 [37]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Randstad 2040: Summary of the Structural Vision.   p27 [38]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __van der Burg and Vink. Randstad Holland towards 2040 perspectives from national government. 44th ISOCARP Congress 2008. p2 [39]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __MVRDV (Firm), Winy Maas, and Berlage Instituut. Km3, Excursions on Capacities. Barcelona, Spain: Actar, 2005. p182 [40]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __MVRDV (Firm), Winy Maas, and Berlage Instituut. Km3, Excursions on Capacities. Barcelona, Spain: Actar, 2005. p180 [41]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __MVRDV (Firm), Winy Maas, and Berlage Instituut. Km3, Excursions on Capacities. Barcelona, Spain: Actar, 2005. p182